The soil physical and chemical characteristics, soil potential denitrification rates (PDR), community and nirK-, nirS- and nosZ-encoding denitrifiers were studied by using MiSeq sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (T-RFLP) technologies base on short-term (5-year) tillage field experiment. The experiment included four tillage treatments: conventional tillage with crop residue incorporation (CT), rotary tillage with crop residue incorporation (RT), no-tillage with crop residue retention (NT), rotary tillage with crop residue removed as control (RTO). The results indicated that soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and NH₄⁺-N contents were increased with CT, RT and NT treatments. Compared with RTO treatment, the copies number of nirK, nirS and nosZ in paddy soil with CT, RT and NT treatments were significantly (p<0.05) increased. The principal coordinate analysis indicated that tillage management and crop residue returning management were the most and the second important factors for the change of denitrifying bacteria community, respectively. Meanwhile, this study indicated that activity and community composition of denitrifiers with CT, RT and NT treatments were increased, compared with RTO treatment. This result showed that nirK, nirS and nosZ-type denitrifiers communities in crop residue applied soil had higher species diversity compared with crop residue removed soil, and denitrifying bacteria community composition were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. Therefore, it was benefit practice to increase soil PDR level, abundance and community composition of nitrogen-functional soil microorganism by combined application of tillage with crop residue management.

中文翻译：

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土壤短期耕作管理对双季稻田反硝化菌活性和群落结构的影响[J].

利用MiSeq测序、定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）、末端限制性片段多态性（T-RFLP）研究土壤理化特性、土壤潜在反硝化率（PDR）、群落和编码nirK-、nirS-和nosZ的反硝化菌) 基于短期（5 年）耕作田间试验的技术。试验包括四种耕作处理：常规耕作掺秸秆（CT）、旋耕掺秸秆（RT）、免耕留茬（NT）、旋耕除茬对照（RTO）。结果表明，土壤有机碳、全氮和NH ₄ ⁺-N 含量随 CT、RT 和 NT 处理而增加。与RTO处理相比，CT、RT和NT处理水稻土中nirK、nirS和nosZ的拷贝数显着增加（ p <0.05）。主坐标分析表明，耕作管理和秸秆还田管理分别是影响反硝化细菌群落变化的最重要因素和次要因素。同时，本研究表明，与 RTO 处理相比，CT、RT 和 NT 处理的反硝化菌的活性和群落组成增加。该结果表明nirK、nirS和nosZ施秸秆土壤中的-型反硝化细菌群落物种多样性高于除秸秆土壤，反硝化细菌群落组成以γ-变形菌门、δ-变形菌门和β-变形菌门为主。因此，通过耕作与作物秸秆管理相结合，提高土壤 PDR 水平、丰度和氮功能土壤微生物的群落组成是有益的做法。