Background. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) persists to be a major health problem especially among children as effective chemotherapy to combat the disease is yet to be available. Boswellia dalzielii is a well-known herb that is traditionally used for treatment and management of many diseases including degenerative diseases. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized from the phytochemicals of B. dalzielii stem bark aqueous extract. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by carrying out Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Energy Filtered Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analyses. Antioxidant capacity of the nanoparticles was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and the antiproliferative effect of the nanoparticles on Kasumi-1 leukemia cells was investigated using PrestoBlue assay. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to observe the effect of the nanoparticles on the leukemia cell cycle progression. Results. Our findings revealed that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were formed from electrons of the plant phytochemicals which include aromatic compounds, ethers, and alkynes. FESEM analysis revealed that the sizes of the nanoparticles range from 12 nm to 101 nm; however, DLS analysis estimated a larger average size of the nanoparticles (108.3 nm) because it measured the hydrodynamic radii of the nanoparticles. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was −16 nm, and the XRD pattern of the nanoparticles has distinct peaks at 38.02°, 42.94°, 64.45°, 77.20°, and 81.47°, which is typical of face-centered cubic (fcc) structure of silver. The Trolox Equivalence Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) of the nanoparticles was estimated to be 300.91 μM Trolox/mg silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles inhibited Kasumi-1 cell proliferation. The half minimal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) that inhibited Kasumi-1 cell proliferation are 49.5 μg/ml and 13.25 μg/ml at 48 and 72 hours, respectively. The nanoparticles induced cell cycle arrest in the Kasumi-1 cells at S (5% increase) and G2/M (3% increase) phases. Conclusion. The nanoparticles synthesized from the stem bark extract of B. dalzielii inhibit the growth of Kasumi-1 leukemia cells by activating cell cycle arrest; thus, they are potential antileukemic agents.

中文翻译：

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Boswellia dalzielii 介导的银纳米颗粒通过诱导细胞周期阻滞抑制急性髓性白血病 (AML) Kasumi-1 细胞

背景。急性髓性白血病 (AML) 仍然是一个主要的健康问题，尤其是在儿童中，因为目前还没有有效的化学疗法来对抗这种疾病。Boswellia dalzielii是一种众所周知的草药，传统上用于治疗和管理包括退行性疾病在内的许多疾病。在这项研究中，银纳米粒子是由B. dalzielii的植物化学物质合成的。茎皮水提取物。通过进行傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱、能量过滤扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、X 射线衍射和动态光散射 (DLS) 分析来表征银纳米颗粒。使用 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 测定评估纳米颗粒的抗氧化能力，并使用 PrestoBlue 测定研究纳米颗粒对 Kasumi-1 白血病细胞的抗增殖作用。进行流式细胞术分析以观察纳米颗粒对白血病细胞周期进程的影响。结果. 我们的研究结果表明，合成的银纳米粒子是由植物植物化学物质的电子形成的，其中包括芳香族化合物、醚和炔烃。FESEM 分析显示纳米颗粒的尺寸范围为 12 纳米至 101 纳米；然而，DLS 分析估计了更大的纳米颗粒平均尺寸（108.3 nm），因为它测量了纳米颗粒的流体动力学半径。纳米粒子的zeta电位为-16 nm，纳米粒子的XRD图谱在38.02°、42.94°、64.45°、77.20°和81.47°处有明显的峰，是典型的面心立方（fcc）结构银。纳米粒子的 Trolox 等效抗氧化能力 (TEAC) 估计为 300.91  μM Trolox/mg 银纳米颗粒。纳米颗粒抑制 Kasumi-1 细胞增殖。抑制 Kasumi-1 细胞增殖的半数最小抑制浓度 (IC50) 在 48 小时和 72 小时分别为 49.5 μ g/ml 和 13.25  μ g/ml。纳米颗粒在 Kasumi-1 细胞中诱导 S（增加 5%）和 G2/M（增加 3%）阶段的细胞周期停滞。结论。由B. dalzielii的茎皮提取物合成的纳米颗粒通过激活细胞周期停滞来抑制 Kasumi-1 白血病细胞的生长；因此，它们是潜在的抗白血病药物。