Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), using Maxwell's displacement current as the driving force, can effectively convert mechanical energy into electricity. In this work, an extensive review of theoretical models of TENGs is presented. Based on Maxwell's equations, a formal physical model is established referred to as the quasi-electrostatic model of a TENG. Since a TENG is electrically neutral at any time owing to the low operation frequency, it is conveniently regarded as a lumped circuit element. Then, using the lumped parameter equivalent circuit theory, the conventional capacitive model and Norton's equivalent circuit model are derived. Optimal conditions for power, voltage, and total energy conversion efficiency can be calculated. The presented TENG models provide an effective theoretical foundation for understanding and predicting the performance of TENGs for practical applications.

中文翻译：

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摩擦纳米发电机 (TENG) 的理论建模

摩擦纳米发电机（TENGs）以麦克斯韦位移电流为驱动力，可以有效地将机械能转化为电能。在这项工作中，对 TENG 的理论模型进行了广泛的回顾。基于麦克斯韦方程组，建立了一个正式的物理模型，称为TENG的准静电模型。由于工作频率低，TENG 在任何时候都是电中性的，因此可以方便地将其视为集总电路元件。然后，利用集总参数等效电路理论，推导出常规电容模型和诺顿等效电路模型。可以计算功率、电压和总能量转换效率的最佳条件。