SummaryMajor advances in biology and ecology have sharpened our understanding of what the goals of biodiversity conservation might be, but less progress has been made on how to achieve conservation in the complex, multi-sectoral world of human affairs. The failure to deliver conservation outcomes is especially severe in the rapidly changing landscapes of tropical low-income countries. We describe five techniques we have used to complement and strengthen long-term attempts to achieve conservation outcomes in the landscapes and seascapes of such regions; these are complex social-ecological systems shaped by interactions between biological, ecological and physical features mediated by the actions of people. Conservation outcomes occur as a result of human decisions and the governance arrangements that guide change. However, much conservation science in these countries is not rooted in a deep understanding of how these social-ecological systems work and what really determines the behaviour of the people whose decisions shape the future of landscapes. We describe five scientific practices that we have found to be effective in building relationships with actors in landscapes and influencing their behaviour in ways that reconcile conservation and development. We have used open-ended inductive enquiry, theories of change, simulation models, network analysis and multi-criteria analysis. These techniques are all widely known and well tested, but seldom figure in externally funded conservation projects. We have used these techniques to complement and strengthen existing interventions of international conservation agencies. These five techniques have proven effective in achieving deeper understanding of context, engagement with all stakeholders, negotiation of shared goals and continuous learning and adaptation.

中文翻译：

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跨学科科学改善保护结果

摘要生物学和生态学的重大进步加深了我们对生物多样性保护目标可能是什么的理解，但在人类事务的复杂、多部门世界中如何实现保护的进展较少。在热带低收入国家迅速变化的景观中，未能提供保护结果尤其严重。我们描述了我们用来补充和加强在这些地区的景观和海景中实现保护成果的长期尝试的五种技术；这些是复杂的社会生态系统，由人的行为介导的生物、生态和物理特征之间的相互作用形成。保护成果是人类决策和指导变革的治理安排的结果。然而，这些国家的许多保护科学并非植根于对这些社会生态系统如何运作以及真正决定那些决定塑造景观未来的人们的行为的深刻理解。我们描述了五种科学实践，我们发现这些实践可以有效地与景观参与者建立关系，并以协调保护和发展的方式影响他们的行为。我们使用了开放式归纳查询、变化理论、模拟模型、网络分析和多标准分析。这些技术都广为人知并经过充分测试，但很少出现在外部资助的保护项目中。我们使用这些技术来补充和加强国际保护机构的现有干预措施。