• The Orchidaceae family presents one of the most extravagant pollination mechanisms: deception. While many studies on reproductive success have been performed on food‐deception orchids, less have been performed on sexually deceptive orchids. Here, we focused on Ophrys balearica P. Delforge, an endemic orchid of the Balearic Islands, to study its reproductive ecology, the spatio‐temporal variation of its reproductive success and the individual (floral display and geospatial position) and population parameters (patch size, shape and density) that affect its reproductive success.
• We performed hand‐pollination experiments, along with the recording of floral display parameters and GPS position of over 1,100 individuals from seven populations in two consecutive years. We applied, for the first time, GIS tools to analyse the effects of individual’s position within the population on the reproductive success. Reproductive success was measured both in male (removed pollinia) and female (fruit set) fitness.
• The results confirm that this species is pollinator‐dependent and mostly allogamous, but also self‐compatible. This species showed high values for the cumulative inbreeding depression index and high pollen limitation. Male fitness was almost equal to female fitness between years and populations, and reproductive success exhibited huge spatio‐temporal variation.
• Although we did not find strong correlations between floral display and reproductive success, patches with low‐plant density and individuals in the external portion of the population showed significantly higher plant fitness. These findings must be considered in conservation actions for endangered orchid species, especially considering that most orchids are strongly dependent on pollinators for their species’ fitness.

中文翻译：

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分布区域狭窄的具有欺骗性的兰花的雌性和雄性：从表型性状到空间分布模式。

• 该兰科最奢侈的授粉机制的家人的礼物之一：欺骗。尽管对食物欺骗性兰花进行了许多有关生殖成功的研究，但对性欺骗性兰花的研究却很少。在这里，我们重点研究了巴利阿里群岛的特有兰花Ophrys balearica P. Delforge，以研究其繁殖生态学，其繁殖成功的时空变化以及个体（花卉展示和地理空间位置）和种群参数（斑块大小） ，形状和密度）会影响其繁殖成功。
• 我们进行了人工授粉实验，并连续两年记录了来自七个种群的1,100多人的花卉展示参数和GPS位置。我们首次使用GIS工具来分析人口中个人位置对生殖成功的影响。在雄性（去除花粉）和雌性（坐果）中都可以测量生殖成功。
• 结果证实，该物种是传粉媒介依赖性的，并且大多数是同化的，但也是自相容的。该物种显示出高的近交衰退指数和高的花粉限制值。在年龄和人口之间，男性适应度几乎等于女性适应度，生殖成功表现出巨大的时空变化。
• 尽管我们没有发现花卉展示与繁殖成功之间有很强的相关性，但植物密度低的斑块和种群外部的个体显示出较高的植物适应性。在发现濒临灭绝的兰花物种时，必须考虑这些发现，尤其是考虑到大多数兰花对于其兰花的适应性都强烈依赖传粉媒介。