The entire route from anodic oxidation and surface characterization, including in vitro experiments and finally in vivo osseointegration assays were performed with the aim to evaluate nanotubular and crystalline annealed titanium oxides as a suitable surface for grade 2 titanium permanent implants. Polished titanium (T0) was compared with anodized surfaces obtained in acidic media with fluoride, leading to an ordered nanotubular structure of titanium oxide on the metal surface, characterized by tube diameter of 89 ± 24 nm (Tnts). Samples were thermally treated in air (TntsTT) to increase the anatase crystalline phase on nanotubes, with minor alteration of the structure. Corrosion tests were performed to evaluate the electrochemical response after 1, 14, and 28 days of immersion in simulated body fluid. Based on the in vitro results, heat‐treated titanium nanotubes (TntsTT) were selected as a promissory candidate to continue with the osseointegration in vivo assays. The in vivo results showed no major improvement in the osseointegration process when compared with untreated Ti after 30 days of implantation and there also was a lower increase in the development of new osseous tissue.

中文翻译：

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钛上退火氧化钛纳米管的评估：从表面表征到体内测定

进行了从阳极氧化和表面表征的整个过程，包括体外实验和最后的体内骨整合试验，目的是评估纳米管和结晶退火钛氧化物作为 2 级钛永久植入物的合适表面。将抛光的钛 (T0) 与在含氟的酸性介质中获得的阳极氧化表面进行比较，从而在金属表面形成有序的氧化钛纳米管结构，其管径为 89 ± 24 nm (Tnts)。样品在空气中进行热处理 (TntsTT) 以增加纳米管上的锐钛矿晶相，结构略有改变。进行腐蚀测试以评估在模拟体液中浸泡 1、14 和 28 天后的电化学响应。根据体外结果，热处理的钛纳米管 (TntsTT) 被选为继续进行体内骨整合试验的候选材料。体内结果显示，与植入 30 天后未处理的 Ti 相比，骨整合过程没有显着改善，并且新骨组织的发育也有较低的增加。