Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have the distinct advantage of being able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers. Target cells or tissues derived from hPSCs have many uses such as drug screening, disease modeling, and transplantation therapy. There are currently a wide variety of differentiation methods available. However, most of the existing differentiation methods are unreliable, with uneven differentiation efficiency and poor reproducibility. At the same time, it is difficult to choose the optimal method when faced with so many differentiation schemes, and it is time-consuming and costly to explore a new differentiation approach. Thus, it is critical to design a robust and efficient method of differentiation. In this review article, we summarize a comprehensive approach in which hPSCs are differentiated into target cells or organoids including brain, liver, blood, melanocytes, and mesenchymal cells. This was accomplished by employing an embryoid body-based three-dimensional (3D) suspension culture system with multiple cells co-cultured. The method has high stable differentiation efficiency compared to the conventional 2D culture and can meet the requirements of clinical application. Additionally, ex vivo co-culture models might be able to constitute organoids that are highly similar or mimic human organs for potential organ transplantation in the future.

中文翻译：

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强大而有效的人类多能干细胞分化的实用选择。

人多能干细胞（hPSC）具有能够分化为所有三个胚层的细胞的独特优势。源自hPSC的靶细胞或组织具有许多用途，例如药物筛选，疾病建模和移植疗法。当前有各种各样的区分方法可用。然而，大多数现有的分化方法不可靠，分化效率不均且可重复性差。同时，面对如此众多的区分方案时，很难选择最佳方法，而且探索一种新的区分方法既费时又费钱。因此，设计一种强大而有效的区分方法至关重要。在这篇评论文章中，我们总结了一种综合的方法，其中hPSC分化为靶细胞或类器官，包括脑，肝，血液，黑素细胞和间充质细胞。这是通过使用基于胚状体的三维（3D）悬浮培养系统与多个细胞共同培养而实现的。与常规的二维培养相比，该方法具有较高的稳定分化效率，可以满足临床应用的要求。另外，离体共培养模型可能能够构成高度相似的类器官或模仿人体器官，以便将来进行潜在的器官移植。