The agricultural sector as a supplier of nutritional needs is becoming increasingly dependent on energy consumption. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of paddy farm level of mechanization on the energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions as well as their effect on rice cultivation in Guilan province, Iran. The survey contains a strategy for assessing sustainable development in the agricultural sector and protecting the environment. To this end, the indicators of energy efficiency and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from inputs were analyzed. The data used in this study were gathered from questionnaires during the crop years of 2013–2014. Data were grouped based on the level of mechanization. According to the results of the two groups, there was a significant difference in terms of energy input consumption, and direct, renewable, and non-renewable energies, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Net energy in high and low mechanization levels of 19,340.55 and 20,237.18 MJ ha⁻¹ was calculated for the crop season, respectively. The share of indirect energy in both groups was approximately 80%. The renewable and non-renewable energy usages based on input were 35 and 65% in high mechanization level. Similarly, for low mechanization level, these ratios were 37 and 63%. In the high mechanization level, 44% of total greenhouse gas emissions were from diesel, 31% from nitrogen, and 13.5% from machinery. Also, in the low mechanization group, 40% of the total greenhouse gas emissions were due to nitrogen fertilization, 35.5% of diesel consumption and 11% of machinery. It should be noted that in both groups, agricultural pesticides account for less than 10% of greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon efficiencies, being the ratio of yield’s carbon content to carbon emissions, were estimated to be 10.67 and 12.85 in high and low mechanization levels, respectively. Therefore, it is implied that the low mechanization level group is more eco-friendly. The results of the Cobb–Douglas model in the low mechanization level showed that the impact of the energy input of irrigation water was positive, while that of the energy inputs of diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, labor, and pesticides was negative.

中文翻译：

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伊朗北部桂兰省水稻种植中的能量平衡和温室气体排放评估

农业部门作为营养需求的供应者，越来越依赖于能源消耗。本研究旨在调查稻田农场机械化水平对伊朗桂兰省能源平衡和温室气体排放的影响以及对水稻种植的影响。该调查包含一项评估农业部门可持续发展和保护环境的战略。为此，分析了能源效率指标和投入的温室气体排放量。本研究中使用的数据是从2013-2014作物年度的问卷中收集的。数据根据机械化程度进行分组。根据两组的结果，在能量输入消耗方面存在显着差异，以及直接，可再生和不可再生能源以及温室气体（GHG）排放。高和低机械化水平下的净能量分别为19,340.55和20,237.18 MJ ha^-1分别针对作物季节进行了计算。两组中的间接能量份额约为80％。在较高的机械化水平下，基于投入的可再生和不可再生能源使用量分别为35％和65％。同样，对于低机械化水平，这些比率分别为37％和63％。在高机械化水平下，温室气体总排放量中有44％来自柴油，31％来自氮气，13.5％来自机械。此外，在低机械化组中，温室气体排放总量的40％是由于施氮，35.5％的柴油消耗和11％的机械造成的。应当指出的是，在这两组中，农业农药占温室气体排放量的不到10％。碳效率是产量的碳含量与碳排放量之比，估计为10.67和12。机械化水平的高低分别为85。因此，这意味着低机械化水平组更加环保。低机械化水平下的Cobb–Douglas模型的结果表明，灌溉水能量输入的影响为正，而柴油，化肥，劳动力和农药的能量输入的影响为负。