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The effects of hydroperiod and predator density on growth, development, and morphology of wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica )
Aquatic Ecology ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-01-17 , DOI: 10.1007/s10452-020-09748-y
Emily May Lent , Kimberly J. Babbitt

Accelerated development and metamorphosis allow tadpoles to escape death by leaving the aquatic habitat before it dries. Phenotypic plasticity in response to predators typically includes development of physical and behavioral traits, including changes in tail coloration, activity rate, and tail shape and body size. Responding to predators increases the probability of survival, but lowers growth rate. Responses to two common stressors in ephemeral aquatic habitats appear to be in direct opposition to one another. In this study, we examined the individual and interactive effects of hydroperiod and predator density on the life history, morphology, and metamorphosis of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles in an outdoor mesocosm study. Tadpoles were exposed to three hydroperiods (constant, intermediate, and short) and three predator densities (zero, four, and eight Anax junius naiads) using a complete block design. The threat of habitat desiccation resulted in increased developmental rate and shorter larval periods. Increased predator densities resulted in increased size at metamorphosis and development of the induced morphology. Although the threat of predation precluded growth and developmental responses to shortened hydroperiod in tadpoles, it did not negate the metamorphic responses to hydroperiod. It appears that, at least at the treatment levels imposed in this experiment, the interaction between these multiple stressors is complex, with the stressors acting both individually and together on different aspects of tadpole ecology.

中文翻译:

水分周期和捕食者密度对木蛙(Rana sylvatica)生长,发育和形态的影响

加速的发育和变态使allow能够在干燥之前离开水生生境,从而逃脱死亡。对捕食者的表型可塑性通常包括身体和行为特征的发展,包括尾巴颜色,活动率以及尾巴形状和体型的变化。对天敌的反应增加了生存的可能性,但降低了生长速度。对短暂水生生境中两种常见压力源的反应似乎彼此直接相反。在这项研究中,我们研究了水周期和捕食者密度对木蛙(Rana sylvatica)的生活史,形态和变态的个体和交互作用)在室外中观研究中。d暴露于三种水周期(恒定,中等和短)和三种捕食者密度(零,四和八种Anax junius)naiads)使用完整的方块设计。栖息地干燥的威胁导致发育速度加快和幼体期缩短。捕食者密度的增加导致变态处大小的增加和诱导形态的发展。尽管捕食的威胁阻止了growth对缩短的水周期的生长和发育反应,但它并没有否定对水周期的变态反应。看来,至少在本实验中施加的治疗水平上,这些多重应激源之间的相互作用是复杂的,这些应激源既单独地又共同作用于t生态学的不同方面。
更新日期:2020-01-17
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