Centaurea iberica has become a problematic weed in some regions of western Iran. Little published data are available in the literature regarding its seed germination and seedling emergence. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of different factors on C. iberica seed germination. The highest level of germination of C. iberica was achieved at fluctuating temperatures of 15/25°C (night/day). The seed germination of C. iberica was stimulated by light and little germination occurred under continuous darkness. The pH solution did not have any effect on its seed germination. Centaurea iberica was tolerant to both salt and water stress. The level of seedling emergence was greatest for the seeds that were located on the soil surface, declining with depth, and no seedling emerged from a soil depth of 4 cm. These results indicated that C. iberica has the potential to infest more fields in the western parts of Iran, particularly rainfed areas. Based on the results of this study, crops with a dense canopy and/or planted in narrow-row intervals could be used to diminish the seed germination of C iberica. In addition, the adoption of tillage systems that bury the seeds of C. iberica under the 4 cm depth would effective in its management.

中文翻译：

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伊比利亚海棠（Centaurea iberica）的种子萌发和出苗

Centaurea iberica 已成为伊朗西部某些地区的一种有问题的杂草。文献中关于其种子发芽和幼苗出苗的已发表数据很少。因此，本研究旨在评估不同因素对 C. iberica 种子萌发的影响。C. iberica 的最高发芽水平是在 15/25°C（夜/日）的波动温度下实现的。C. iberica的种子萌发受到光照的刺激，在连续黑暗的情况下几乎没有萌发。pH 溶液对其种子萌发没有任何影响。Centaurea iberica 能耐受盐分和水分胁迫。种子出苗水平最高的是位于土壤表面的种子，随着深度的增加而下降，4厘米的土壤深度没有出苗。这些结果表明，C. iberica 有可能侵染伊朗西部地区的更多田地，尤其是雨育地区。根据这项研究的结果，可以使用树冠密集和/或以窄行间隔种植的作物来减少 C iberica 的种子发芽。此外，采用将 C. iberica 种子埋在 4 cm 深度以下的耕作系统将有效地管理它。