Immune tolerance research is essential for kidney transplantation. Other than antibody and T cell-mediated immune rejection, macrophage-mediated innate immunity plays an important role in the onset phase of transplantation rejection. However, due to the complexity of the kidney environment as well as its diversity and low abundance, studies pertaining to monocyte/macrophages in kidney transplantation require further elucidation. In this study, kidney samples taken from healthy human adults and biopsy specimens from patients undergoing rejection following kidney transplantation were analysed and studied. By conducting a single-cell RNA analysis, the type and status of monocyte/macrophages in kidney transplantation were described, in which monocyte/macrophages were observed to form two different subpopulations: resident and infiltrating monocyte/macrophages. Furthermore, previously defined genes were mapped to all monocyte/macrophage types in the kidney and enriched the differential genes of the two main subpopulations using gene expression databases. Considering that various cases of rejection may be of the monocyte/macrophage type, the present data may serve as a reference for studies regarding immune tolerance following kidney transplantation.

中文翻译：

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肾移植后排斥反应中对居民和渗透性单核细胞/巨噬细胞进行分析

免疫耐受性研究对于肾脏移植至关重要。除了抗体和T细胞介导的免疫排斥反应外，巨噬细胞介导的先天免疫在移植排斥反应的起始阶段起着重要作用。然而，由于肾脏环境的复杂性及其多样性和低丰度，有关肾脏移植中单核细胞/巨噬细胞的研究需要进一步阐明。在这项研究中，分析和研究了来自健康成人的肾脏样本和来自肾脏移植后排斥反应患者的活检样本。通过进行单细胞RNA分析，描述了肾移植中单核细胞/巨噬细胞的类型和状态，其中观察到单核细胞/巨噬细胞形成两个不同的亚群：常驻和浸润性单核细胞/巨噬细胞。此外，先前定义的基因被定位到肾脏中所有单核/巨噬细胞类型，并使用基因表达数据库富集了两个主要亚群的差异基因。考虑到排斥反应的各种情况可能是单核细胞/巨噬细胞类型的，因此本数据可以作为肾移植后免疫耐受研究的参考。