Variations in temperature can affect the development of nematophagous fungi, especially when they are used in the biological control of parasitic nematodes in the pastures where cattle are reared. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of temperature on the performance of nematophagous fungi in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes. The mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity ofDuddingtonia flagrans, Arthrobotrys cladodesandPochonia chlamydosporiawere evaluated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The fungal strains achieved mycelial growth, chlamydospore production and nematicidal activity on parasitic nematodes under all temperature conditions tested. The fungi showed higher growth at intermediate temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) than at the extremes of 15 and 35°C. At 25 and 30°C,D. flagransrealized 96.8 and 94.5% nematicidal activity on bovine parasitic nematodes, respectively.Arthrobotrys cladodeseffected nematicidal activity of 85.3 and 83.5%, at 20 and 25°C, respectively. At 20 and 30°C,P. chlamydosporiaachieved nematicidal activity of 81.3 and 87.4%, respectively. The maximum chlamydospore production was reached at 20, 25 and 30°C forD. flagrans, at 20 and 25°C forA. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia.The results of this study demonstrated that the tested fungal strains ofD. flagrans, A. cladodesandP. chlamydosporia,when used in the biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes, were not limited byin vitrotemperature variations. Therefore, the use of these strains of fungi as biological control agents of parasitic nematodes is promising.

中文翻译：

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不同温度条件下Arthrobotrys cladodes、Duddingtonia flagrans和Pochonia chlamydosporia对牛寄生线虫的体外生物学防治

温度变化会影响食线虫真菌的发育，尤其是当它们用于对饲养牛的牧场中的寄生线虫进行生物防治时。这项工作的目的是评估温度对线虫真菌在牛寄生线虫生物防治中的性能的影响。菌丝体的生长、厚壁孢子的产生和杀线虫活性Duddingtonia flagrans, Arthrobotrys cladodes和披衣菌在 15、20、25、30 和 35°C 下进行了评估。在所有测试的温度条件下，真菌菌株均实现了菌丝体生长、厚壁孢子产生和对寄生线虫的杀线虫活性。真菌在中间温度（20、25 和 30°C）下比在 15 和 35°C 的极端温度下表现出更高的生长。在 25 和 30°C 时，D. flagrans对牛寄生线虫的杀线虫活性分别为 96.8% 和 94.5%。节肢动物在 20 和 25°C 下，杀线虫活性分别为 85.3% 和 83.5%。在 20 和 30°C 时，衣原体分别达到 81.3% 和 87.4% 的杀线虫活性。在 20、25 和 30°C 时达到最大厚壁孢子产量D. flagrans，在 20 和 25°CA.叶状体和衣原体。本研究结果表明，所测试的真菌菌株D. flagrans, A. cladodes和衣原体，当用于牛寄生线虫的生物防治时，不受限制体外温度变化。因此，将这些真菌菌株用作寄生线虫的生物防治剂是有希望的。