The shallow marine environment represents a region of high biological productivity, ecological diversity, and complex oceanographic conditions, and often supports various human activities and industries. Mapping of the seafloor in shallow marine environments reveals seafloor features in detail, shedding light on a range of natural and anthropogenic processes. We present a high-resolution (2-m) multibeam dataset, combined with geologic samples that reveals a complete map of the seafloor from the land-water interface to ∼350 m water depth within Queen Charlotte Sound/Tōtaranui (QCS) and Tory Channel/Kura Te Au (TC), Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand. These data reveal that the seafloor geomorphology and distribution of natural and anthropogenic features varies spatially from the inner QCS to the Cook Strait. Tidal currents play a large role in the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments in QCS and TC. The distribution and depth of seafloor scouring suggests that tidal flow is locally intensified by coastal geometry and bathymetric barriers, resulting in concentrated scouring where tidal flow is restricted or redirected. In addition, superimposed bedforms reflect localized variations in flow direction that have likely developed across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Evidence for extensive seafloor fluid expulsion is preserved in > 8500 pockmarks mainly located within the inner and central QCS. The size and spatial distribution of pockmarks suggest multiple fluid sources in the region. The cumulative anthropogenic footprint on the seafloor within QCS represents 6.4 km2 (∼1.5%) of the total seafloor area and is predominantly related to maritime activities including anchor dragging (47.5%) and mooring blocks (24%). This study provides a unique example of the information that can be revealed by a comprehensive survey programme that mapped from the land-water interface to the subtidal zone. Results presented in this study form a robust basis upon which to develop improved hydrodynamic models and benthic habitat maps and to assess the full extent of anthropogenic activities in the shallow marine realm.

中文翻译：

---

我们在浅水区做什么：新西兰淹没河谷的自然和人为海底地貌

浅海环境代表着生物生产力高、生态多样性和海洋条件复杂的地区，往往支持各种人类活动和产业。在浅海环境中绘制海底地图可以详细揭示海底特征，揭示一系列自然和人为过程。我们提供了一个高分辨率 (2-m) 多波束数据集，结合地质样本，揭示了从陆水界面到夏洛特皇后湾/Tōtaranui (QCS) 和 Tory Channel 内约 350 m 水深的完整海底地图/Kura Te Au (TC)，新西兰马尔堡峡湾。这些数据表明，从 QCS 内部到库克海峡，海底地貌和自然和人为特征的分布在空间上是不同的。潮汐流在 QCS 和 TC 中沉积物的侵蚀、运输和沉积中起着重要作用。海底冲刷的分布和深度表明，沿海几何形状和测深障碍会局部加剧潮汐流，导致潮汐流受到限制或重新定向的集中冲刷。此外，叠加的床型反映了流动方向的局部变化，这些变化很可能在一系列空间和时间尺度上形成。大量海底流体排出的证据保存在 8500 多个主要位于 QCS 内部和中央的麻点中。麻点的大小和空间分布表明该地区存在多个流体源。QCS 内海底的累积人为足迹代表 6.4 平方公里（~1. 5%) 的海底总面积，主要与海上活动有关，包括锚拖 (47.5%) 和系泊块 (24%)。这项研究提供了一个独特的信息示例，该示例可以通过从陆地 - 水界面映射到潮下带的综合调查程序揭示。本研究中提出的结果为开发改进的水动力模型和底栖栖息地图以及评估浅海海域人为活动的全部范围奠定了坚实的基础。