To more effectively manage walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa (Diptera: Tephritidae), in California walnut orchards, it is important to understand the factors that affect the timing of adult emergence. In the present study, we examine the effects of incubation temperature, pre‐chill and chill durations, latitude, cultivar and size on the post‐diapause development of R. completa puparia. The lower developmental threshold, upper developmental threshold and optimal temperature for puparial development are estimated to be 4, 34 and 26.6 °C, respectively. The thermal requirement for adult emergence after 120 days of chilling is estimated to be 2024 degree days. Percentage adult emergence declines at both higher and lower incubation temperatures. Chill duration at 5 °C for diapausing puparia has a nonlinear negative effect on the thermal requirement but no effect on percentage emergence. Insufficient chilling leads to poor synchronization of adult emergence. Greater pre‐chill duration at room temperature increases the thermal requirement and slightly decreased percentage emergence. Latitude has a negative effect on the thermal requirement. Puparia from northern California black walnut (Juglans hindsii) have a slightly greater thermal requirement than puparia from cultivated walnut (Julgans regia). There is no significant difference in puparial fresh weight or mean thermal requirement between males and females, although the positive correlation between thermal requirement and puparial fresh weight is stronger for females than males. The effects of temperature and other environmental factors on the post‐diapause development of R. completa are discussed in relation to observations from other Rhagoletis species.

中文翻译：

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温度等环境因素对胡桃壳蝇Ragoletis completa（双翅目：实蝇科）滞育后发育的影响

为了更有效地管理加利福尼亚核桃园中的核桃壳蝇 Rhagoletis completa（双翅目：实蝇科），了解影响成虫出现时间的因素非常重要。在本研究中，我们研究了孵化温度、预冷和冷持续时间、纬度、品种和大小对 R. completa puparia 滞育后发育的影响。蛹发育的下发育阈值、上发育阈值和最适温度估计分别为 4、34 和 26.6°C。冷藏 120 天后成虫羽化所需的热量估计为 2024 度日。在较高和较低的孵化温度下，成虫羽化百分比都会下降。滞育蛹在 5°C 下的冷却时间对热需求有非线性负面影响，但对出现百分比没有影响。冷却不足导致成虫出现的同步性差。室温下较长的预冷时间会增加热量需求并略微降低出苗率。纬度对热需求有负面影响。来自北加州黑胡桃 (Juglans hindsii) 的蛹比栽培核桃 (Julgans regia) 的蛹具有略高的热量需求。雄性和雌性之间的蛹鲜重或平均热量需求没有显着差异，尽管雌性的热量需求与蛹鲜重之间的正相关性强于雄性。