Bioeroding sponges belong to the most dominant bioeroders, significantly contributing to the erosion of coral reefs. Some species are tolerant or even benefit from environmental conditions such as ocean warming, acidification, and eutrophication. In consequence, increases in sponge bioerosion have been observed on some coral reefs over the last decades. The Abrolhos Bank is the largest coral reef system in the South Atlantic. It has been affected by sedimentation, eutrophication, overfishing, and climate change, mainly affecting coastal reefs, and at lesser intensity outer ones as well. This study aimed to describe spatial and temporal patterns in bioeroding sponge distribution in carbonate substrates in the Abrolhos Bank. Photo‐quadrats were used to compare bioeroding sponge abundance between two shallow reefs: a coastal, Pedra de Leste (PL), and an outer reef, Parcel dos Abrolhos (PAB). Each individual was delimitated over the substrate by determining the sponge surface through a line connecting the outermost papillae. The study was conducted over 6 years in 2008–2009 and 2013–2016. Four species of bioeroding sponges were identified: Cliona carteri Ridley, 1881, C. delitrix Pang, 1973, C. cf. schmidtii Ridley, 1881, and Siphonodictyon coralliphagum Rützler, 1971. The distribution and abundance of species varied between the inner and outer reefs and across the years, and displayed certain selectivity for the calcareous substrates recorded. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) were the main substrate excavated by the most abundant bioeroding species, C. carteri, and represented 70% of the substrate types occupied by this sponge (CCA, coral overgrown by CCA and plain coral). The highest abundance of bioeroding sponges observed in photo‐quadrats was 21.3 individuals/m² at the outer reefs (PAB) in 2014. The abundances or areal extents of bioeroding sponges were up to 10 times greater on the outer reefs than on the coastal ones, where sedimentation is higher and more strongly influenced by siliciclastic material. Moreover, a higher herbivorous fish biomass has been reported on outer reefs which could also influence the higher abundance of bioeroding sponges in outer reefs. During the study period of 6 years, an increase in bioeroding sponge abundance was observed at the outer reefs (PAB), with the sea surface temperature increase. As CCA have an important role in reefal cementation and carbonate production in the Abrolhos reefs, a bioerosion impact might be expected, in particular, on the outer reefs.

中文翻译：

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巴西西南大西洋阿伯罗霍斯银行生物侵蚀海绵分布的长期时空格局

生物侵蚀海绵属于最主要的生物侵蚀剂，对珊瑚礁的侵蚀有重大贡献。有些物种可以忍受甚至受益于海洋变暖，酸化和富营养化等环境条件。结果，在过去的几十年中，在某些珊瑚礁上观察到了海绵生物侵蚀的增加。Abrolhos银行是南大西洋最大的珊瑚礁系统。它受到沉积，富营养化，过度捕捞和气候变化的影响，主要影响沿海珊瑚礁，而外部珊瑚礁的强度也较低。这项研究旨在描述Abrolhos Bank碳酸盐基质中生物侵蚀海绵分布的时空格局。用照片四象限比较了两个浅礁之间的生物侵蚀海绵的丰度：沿海，Pedra de Leste（PL），外礁，Parcel dos Abrolhos（PAB）。通过连接最外面的乳头的线确定海绵表面，在底物上划定每个人。该研究在2008–2009年和2013–2016年进行了6年。确定了四种生物侵蚀海绵：Cliona carteri雷德利，1881年，C. delitrix庞，1973年，C. 参见 schmidtii Ridley（1881）和SiphonodictyoncoralliphagumRützler（1971）。物种的分布和丰度在内，外礁之间以及多年来不同，并且对记录的钙质底物表现出一定的选择性。甲壳类珊瑚藻（CCA）是最丰富的生物侵蚀物种C. Carteri挖掘的主要基质，占该海绵占据的基质类型的70％（CCA，CCA长满的珊瑚和平原珊瑚）。在光四方体中观察到的最高生物侵蚀海绵含量为21.3个人/ m ²在2014年，外珊瑚礁（PAB）的生物侵蚀海绵的丰度或面积比沿海珊瑚礁高出10倍。沿海珊瑚礁的沉积量更高，受到硅质碎屑材料的影响更大。此外，据报道在外礁上有较高的草食性鱼类生物量，这也可能影响外礁中生物侵蚀性海绵的丰富度。在为期6年的研究期间，随着海表温度的升高，在外礁（PAB）处观察到了生物侵蚀海绵的丰度增加。由于CCA在Abrolhos礁中的礁石胶结和碳酸盐生产中起着重要作用，因此可能会对生物侵蚀产生影响，尤其是对外部礁石的影响。