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The choanoderm of Sycettusa hastifera (Calcarea, Porifera) is able to generate new individuals
Invertebrate Biology ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-30 , DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12262 Emilio Lanna 1, 2 , Michelle Klautau 3
Invertebrate Biology ( IF 1.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-30 , DOI: 10.1111/ivb.12262 Emilio Lanna 1, 2 , Michelle Klautau 3
Affiliation
One of the main characteristics of sponges is their capacity for cell dedifferentiation. This capability can allow an impressive amount of asexual reproduction in these animals, because they are able to develop new individuals from just a few somatic cells. Studies of dedifferentiation, however, have focused mainly on sponges of the class Demospongiae. Therefore, we investigated here whether individuals of three different species of Calcarea are able to reconstitute new individuals following artificial fragmentation. We observed that fragmentation releases clumps of choanoderm able to initiate somatic embryogenesis. In Borojevia brasiliensis (asconoid aquiferous system, subclass Calcinea) and Paraleucilla magna (leuconoid aquiferous system, subclass Calcaronea), these clumps started to develop, but they did not pass through the first developmental phases. In Sycettusa hastifera (syconoid aquiferous system, subclass Calcaronea), the choanoderm was reorganized into primmorphs that fused to each other and formed an exopinacoderm. The first primmorphs’ spicules were triactines. Despite a large mortality rate, the primmorphs developed into olynthus stages. The somatic embryogenesis and the metamorphosis of the olynthus were similar to those observed during the sexual development of this and other calcareous sponge species. Our results show that in S. hastifera, and perhaps in other syconoid calcareous sponges, somatic embryogenesis occurs mainly from choanocytes, at least in vitro. However, primmorph development does not follow the same pattern observed in post‐metamorphic sexual development, as in that case diactines are always the first spicules to be synthesized in calcaronean species.
中文翻译:
Sycettusa hastifera(Calcarea,Porifera)的软骨皮能够产生新的个体
海绵的主要特征之一是其细胞去分化的能力。这种能力可以使这些动物产生大量的无性繁殖,因为它们能够从几个体细胞中培养出新的个体。然而,去分化的研究主要集中在Demospongiae类的海绵上。因此,我们在这里调查了三种不同种类的Calcarea个体是否能够在人工破碎后重建新个体。我们观察到碎裂释放出能够启动体细胞胚发生的绒毛膜团。在Borojevia巴西(asconoid及含水系统中,子类Calcinea)和Paraleucilla蚤(类胡萝卜素含水层系统,卡尔卡洛内亚类),这些团块开始发育,但没有经过第一个发育阶段。在Sycettusa hastifera(类固醇含水系统,卡尔卡罗纳亚类)中,将软骨真皮重组为彼此融合并形成外皮编码器的原形。第一个原始形态的针头是三肌酸。尽管死亡率很高,但原始形态已发展为olynthus阶段。唇部的体细胞胚发生和变态与该和其他钙质海绵物种的性发育过程中观察到的相似。我们的结果表明,在哈氏葡萄球菌中,也许在其他类固醇钙质海绵中,至少在体外,体细胞胚胎发生主要来自于软骨细胞。但是,原始形态的发育并没有遵循在变态后性发育中观察到的相同模式,因为在这种情况下,双actines始终是在钙car属物种中首先合成的针剂。
更新日期:2019-08-30
中文翻译:
Sycettusa hastifera(Calcarea,Porifera)的软骨皮能够产生新的个体
海绵的主要特征之一是其细胞去分化的能力。这种能力可以使这些动物产生大量的无性繁殖,因为它们能够从几个体细胞中培养出新的个体。然而,去分化的研究主要集中在Demospongiae类的海绵上。因此,我们在这里调查了三种不同种类的Calcarea个体是否能够在人工破碎后重建新个体。我们观察到碎裂释放出能够启动体细胞胚发生的绒毛膜团。在Borojevia巴西(asconoid及含水系统中,子类Calcinea)和Paraleucilla蚤(类胡萝卜素含水层系统,卡尔卡洛内亚类),这些团块开始发育,但没有经过第一个发育阶段。在Sycettusa hastifera(类固醇含水系统,卡尔卡罗纳亚类)中,将软骨真皮重组为彼此融合并形成外皮编码器的原形。第一个原始形态的针头是三肌酸。尽管死亡率很高,但原始形态已发展为olynthus阶段。唇部的体细胞胚发生和变态与该和其他钙质海绵物种的性发育过程中观察到的相似。我们的结果表明,在哈氏葡萄球菌中,也许在其他类固醇钙质海绵中,至少在体外,体细胞胚胎发生主要来自于软骨细胞。但是,原始形态的发育并没有遵循在变态后性发育中观察到的相同模式,因为在这种情况下,双actines始终是在钙car属物种中首先合成的针剂。