Abstract Various neuroanatomical volume measures (NVMs) are frequently used as proxies for intelligence in comparative studies, such as the size of the brain, neocortex, and hippocampus, either absolute or controlled for other size measures (e.g., body size, or rest of the brain). Mean species NVMs are moderately correlated with aggregate general intelligence (G), however G and NVMs are yet to be compared in their evolutionary patterns (e.g., conservatism and evolutionary rates) and processes (i.e., their fit to diverse models of evolution reflecting selection regimes). Such evolutionary information is valuable for examining convergence in the evolutionary history among traits and is not available from simple correlation coefficients. Considering accumulating evidence that non-volumetric neurological measures may be as important as (or more so than) volumetric measures as substrates of intelligence, and that certain NVMs negatively predict neuronal density, we hypothesized that discrepancies would be found in evolutionary patterns and processes of G compared to NVMs. We collated data from the literature on primate species means for G, the volumes of the brain, neocortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus, and body mass, and employed phylogenetic comparative methods that examine phylogenetic signal (λ, K), evolutionary rates (σ2), and several parameters of evolutionary models (Brownian motion, Early-burst, acceleration, and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck). Evolutionary rates and acceleration trends were up to an order of magnitude higher for G than for most NVMs, and a strong selection optimum toward which clades evolved was found for G, whereas NVMs conformed mostly to Brownian motion. Brain size was the most contrasting NVM compared to intelligence across most phylogenetic indices examined, showing signs of deceleration and extreme conservativeness. Only certain operationalizations of neocortical and hippocampal volume showed convergence with G, albeit still notably weakly. The NVM with results that most strongly approached the patterns identified for G is residual cerebellar size (relative to body size). In comparison to the most commonly used volumetric measures (operationalization of brain and neocortex size), G must be seen as an evolutionarily labile trait under considerable selection pressure, necessitating that the role of the cerebellum be more aptly recognized and that other neurological factors be invoked as potential substrates for its evolutionary trajectory.

中文翻译：

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一般智力 (G) 和常用的灵长类神经解剖学体积测量的宏观进化模式和选择模式

摘要 各种神经解剖体积测量 (NVM) 经常被用作比较研究中智力的代理，例如大脑、新皮质和海马的大小，无论是绝对大小还是控制其他大小测量（例如，身体大小，或大脑的其余部分）。脑）。平均物种 NVM 与总体一般智力 (G) 适度相关，但是 G 和 NVM 在进化模式（例如，保守性和进化速率）和过程（即它们适合反映选择制度的不同进化模型）方面尚未进行比较）。这种进化信息对于检查性状之间进化历史的收敛性很有价值，并且不能从简单的相关系数中获得。考虑到越来越多的证据表明，非体积神经学测量可能与作为智力基础的体积测量一样重要（或更重要），并且某些 NVM 负面预测神经元密度，我们假设在 G 的进化模式和过程中会发现差异与 NVM 相比。我们整理了有关灵长类物种 G 平均值、大脑体积、新皮层、小脑和海马体以及体重的文献数据，并采用了系统发育比较方法来检查系统发育信号 (λ, K)、进化速率 (σ2) ，以及进化模型的几个参数（布朗运动、早期爆发、加速度和 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck）。G 的进化速率和加速趋势比大多数 NVM 高一个数量级，并且为 G 发现了进化枝进化的强选择最佳值，而 NVM 主要符合布朗运动。与大多数系统发育指数中的智力相比，大脑大小是最具对比的 NVM，显示出减速和极端保守的迹象。只有新皮质和海马体积的某些操作表现出与 G 的收敛，尽管仍然很弱。NVM 的结果最接近为 G 确定的模式是残余小脑大小（相对于身体大小）。与最常用的体积测量（大脑和新皮质大小的操作化）相比，G 必须被视为在相当大的选择压力下进化不稳定的特征，