Abstract Research on gender differences in intelligence has led to inconsistent results. Different methods seem to provide different estimates using the Wechsler scales. The present study analyzed WAIS-IV and WAIS-R standardization data. We assessed gender differences in subtest scores, indices, and IQs and used a Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) to investigate whether gender differences were due to differences in ability factors or test bias. The larger effect sizes in favor of men were found in the Arithmetic subtest and the Working Memory Index of the WAIS-IV. Likewise, for the WAIS-R, Arithmetic, Information, and Block Design subtests and all IQ scores were the larger effect sizes. The MGCFA supported the metric invariance of both editions. For the WAIS-IV, partial scalar invariance was achieved by releasing intercept equality for Information, Comprehension, and Arithmetic. For the WAIS-R, also Coding and Digit Span intercepts had to be unconstrained. Men outperformed women on the perceptual reasoning ability factor. No gender differences were found for the processing speed factor. Men had higher working memory ability, while no difference emerged for verbal comprehension. However, the latent mean differences could be affected by a lack of scalar invariance. A comparison of observed effect sizes at the subtest level to those expected according to MGCFA revealed that Information, Arithmetic, and Comprehension subtests were gender-biased in both editions. As a whole, gender differences appeared more pronounced in the WAIS-R. Gender differences in perceptual reasoning seem genuine, as does their absence in processing speed. Implications for clinical assessment are discussed.

中文翻译：

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成人智力评估中的性别差异和测量偏差：来自意大利 WAIS-IV 和 WAIS-R 标准化的证据

摘要 关于智力性别差异的研究导致了不一致的结果。不同的方法似乎使用韦氏量表提供不同的估计。本研究分析了 WAIS-IV 和 WAIS-R 标准化数据。我们评估了子测试分数、指数和智商的性别差异，并使用多组验证性因素分析 (MGCFA) 来调查性别差异是否是由于能力因素或测试偏差的差异造成的。在算术子测试和 WAIS-IV 的工作记忆指数中发现有利于男性的较大效应量。同样，对于 WAIS-R，算术、信息和块设计子测试以及所有 IQ 分数都是较大的影响大小。MGCFA 支持两个版本的度量不变性。对于 WAIS-IV，部分标量不变性是通过释放信息、理解和算术的截距相等性来实现的。对于 WAIS-R，编码和数字跨度拦截也必须不受约束。男性在感知推理能力方面的表现优于女性。处理速度因素没有发现性别差异。男性具有较高的工作记忆能力，而在语言理解方面没有出现差异。然而，潜在的平均差异可能会受到缺乏标量不变性的影响。将子测试级别观察到的效果大小与根据 MGCFA 预期的效果大小进行比较显示，信息、算术和理解子测试在两个版本中都存在性别偏见。总体而言，WAIS-R 中的性别差异显得更为明显。感知推理中的性别差异似乎是真实的，他们在处理速度方面的缺席也是如此。讨论了对临床评估的影响。