The aerial surface of the plant (phyllosphere) is the habitat of complex microbial communities and the structure of this microbiome may be dependent on plant genetic factors, local environment or interactions between them. In this study, we explored the microbial diversity present in the phyllosphere of a very diverse set of grapevine cultivars representing the three genetic pools of the species, grown on an experimental plot at Montpellier (French Mediterranean region). We assessed microbiome variation in the phyllosphere using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), according to the grapevine genetic pools or cultivars, and organs (i.e. leaves and grape berries). The observed microbiome was complex; out of 542 bacterial genera; Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Sphingomonas, and Acinetobacter were the most abundant and almost ubiquitously present across the samples, and out of 267 fungal genera; Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Mycosphaerella and Aspergillus were most represented. Our results illustrated that the microbial taxa were almost uniformly distributed among the genetic pools and only a few cultivar or genetic pool level differences were found, but a very clear differential taxa abundance was found between the leaf and berry samples. Some genus level associations were also observed with certain genetic pools.

植物的空气表面（叶层）是复杂微生物群落的栖息地，该微生物组的结构可能取决于植物遗传因素，局部环境或它们之间的相互作用。在这项研究中，我们探索了在蒙彼利埃（法国地中海地区）的一个试验田上生长的，代表该物种的三个遗传库的非常不同的一组葡萄品种的叶环中存在的微生物多样性。我们根据葡萄的遗传库或品种以及器官（即叶和葡萄浆果），使用16S rRNA基因和内部转录间隔区（ITS）的扩增子测序，评估了叶圈中的微生物组变异。观察到的微生物组很复杂。542个细菌属中；假单胞菌，泛267个真菌属中，，鞘氨醇单胞菌和不动杆菌是最丰富的，几乎无处不在。最常见的是金黄色葡萄球菌，链格孢，霉菌和曲霉。我们的结果表明，微生物分类群几乎均匀地分布在遗传库之间，仅发现了几个品种或遗传库水平差异，但是在叶和浆果样品之间发现了非常明显的分类群丰度。在某些遗传库中也观察到某些属水平的关联。