Global warming is an environmental phenomenon to which species must adapt to survive. Drosophila subobscura presents an adaptive capacity due to its chromosomal inversion polymorphism. Until now, the impact of global warming on this polymorphism has been studied in D. subobscura populations located either on a continental mainland or on islands not far from a continent. In this context, gene flow could be a relevant mechanism allowing the movement of thermally adapted inversions between populations. Our aim was to sample and study the chromosomal polymorphism on Madeira, a small isolated island in the Atlantic Ocean. We compared our findings with those reported in the same location approximately four and five decades ago. Moreover, we studied whether global warming has occurred on this island by analyzing mean, maximum and minimum temperatures over a 55‐year period. All atmospheric parameters have increased significantly, consistent with climate change expectations. Frequencies and chromosomal thermal index values of thermal adapted inversions remained quite stable over years. Furthermore, J, U and O chromosomes are almost fixed for “warm” adapted inversions. Thus, if there is little genetic variability remaining and temperatures continue increasing, island populations of D. subobscura might be on the threshold of endangerment. However, apart from selection, genetic drift and inbreeding, other processes, such as phenotypic plasticity or thermoregulatory behavior, could be involved in the survival of the species’ populations. Finally, although in danger, D. subobscura is a generalist that lives in humanized environments, and this fact could favor its persistence on Madeira Island.

中文翻译：

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孤岛的全球变暖和染色体倒位适应：来自马德拉的果蝇亚盲种群

全球变暖是一种环境现象，物种必须适应才能生存。Drosophila subobscura 由于其染色体倒位多态性而具有适应能力。到目前为止，已经在位于大陆大陆或离大陆不远的岛屿上的 D. subobscura 种群中研究了全球变暖对这种多态性的影响。在这种情况下，基因流可能是一种相关机制，允许种群之间的热适应倒置运动。我们的目标是对马德拉岛的染色体多态性进行采样和研究，马德拉岛是大西洋中一个孤立的小岛。我们将我们的发现与大约四五年前在同一地点报道的发现进行了比较。此外，我们通过分析平均值来研究这个岛上是否发生了全球变暖，55 年期间的最高和最低温度。所有大气参数都显着增加，与气候变化预期一致。多年来，热适应反转的频率和染色体热指数值保持相当稳定。此外，J、U 和 O 染色体对于“暖”适应倒位几乎是固定的。因此，如果几乎没有遗传变异剩余并且温度继续升高，则 D. subobscura 的岛屿种群可能处于濒临灭绝的临界点。然而，除了选择、遗传漂变和近亲繁殖外，其他过程，如表型可塑性或体温调节行为，也可能参与物种种群的生存。最后，虽然处于危险之中，但 D. subobscura 是生活在人性化环境中的通才，