ABSTRACT About half of the households in the mid-hills of Nepal are severely food insecure, and the development of agriculture and forestry sectors could hold keys to reduce food insecurity and achieve other sustainable development goals. This paper presents results from a bio-economic model, Enhancing Livelihood from Improved Forest Management in Nepal (EnLiFT), that estimates a Food Security Index (FSI) across six household types in rural Nepal simulating selected agroforestry livelihood interventions. The FSI is calculated as the ratio between household expenditure capacity and household poverty threshold based on the national per capita poverty threshold. Market-oriented timber production shows strong potential to increase food security across all household types with greater benefits accruing to land-rich households. For land-poor households, remittances from household members working abroad remains the strongest route to their food security despite the underutilisation of agricultural land due to adult male labour outmigration. A drawback of market-oriented timber production is the long-term nature of timber production. As EnLiFT assumes that timber can only be harvested from Year 9, complimentary livelihood strategies are required to address food insecurity in the short term. Complimentary agroforestry interventions with the strongest potential to improve food security include combined high-yielding fodder production and commercial goat production, and production of non-timber forest products. Commercial vegetable production does not improve food security because of the high input costs. Currently, farmers in Nepal cannot yet fully obtain the financial benefits of agroforestry due to the complex and unsupportive forestry regulations surrounding harvesting and marketing of planted trees. While land-poor households are seen to rely on foreign remittances for food security, it is argued that policies encouraging use of remittances to promote agroforestry businesses is needed.

中文翻译：

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林农一体化系统对尼泊尔中山地区家庭粮食安全的贡献：EnLiFT模型评估

摘要 尼泊尔中山地区约有一半家庭严重粮食不安全，农业和林业部门的发展可能是减少粮食不安全和实现其他可持续发展目标的关键。本文介绍了生物经济模型的结果，即通过改善尼泊尔森林管理提高生计 (EnLiFT)，该模型估计了尼泊尔农村六种家庭类型的粮食安全指数 (FSI)，模拟选定的农林业生计干预措施。FSI 计算为基于全国人均贫困线的家庭支出能力与家庭贫困线的比值。以市场为导向的木材生产显示出增强所有家庭类型粮食安全的巨大潜力，为土地丰富的家庭带来更大的利益。对于土地贫乏的家庭，尽管由于成年男性劳动力外流导致农业土地利用不足，但在国外工作的家庭成员的汇款仍然是他们获得粮食安全的最有力途径。以市场为导向的木材生产的一个缺点是木材生产的长期性。由于 EnLiFT 假设木材只能从第 9 年开始采伐，因此需要补充生计战略来解决短期内的粮食不安全问题。最有可能改善粮食安全的免费农林业干预措施包括高产饲料生产和商业山羊生产相结合，以及非木材林产品的生产。由于投入成本高，商业蔬菜生产并不能改善粮食安全。现在，由于围绕种植树木的采伐和销售的复杂和不支持的林业法规，尼泊尔的农民还不能完全获得农林业的经济利益。虽然土地贫乏的家庭被视为依靠外国汇款来保障粮食安全，但有人认为，需要制定鼓励使用汇款促进农林业业务的政策。