The automotive domain is rapidly changing in the last years. Among the different challenges OEMs (i.e. the vehicle manufacturers) are facing, vehicles are evolving into systems of systems. In fact, over the last years vehicles have evolved from disconnected and “blind” systems to systems that are (i) able to sense the surrounding environment and (ii) connected with other vehicles, the city, pedestrians, cyclists, etc. Future transportation systems can be seen as a System of Systems (SoS). In an SoS, constituent systems, i.e. the units that compose an SoS, can act as standalone systems, but their cooperation enables new emerging and promising scenarios. While this trend creates new opportunities, it also poses a risk to compromise key qualities such as safety, security, and privacy.

In this paper we focus on the automotive domain and we investigate how to engineer and architect cars in order to build them as constituents of future transportation systems. Our contribution is an architectural viewpoint for System of Systems, which we demonstrate based on an automotive example. Moreover, we contribute a functional reference architecture for cars as constituents of an SoS. This reference architecture can be considered as an imprinting for the implementations that would be devised in specific projects and contexts. We also point out the necessity for a collaboration among different OEMs and with other relevant stakeholders, such as road authorities and smart cities, to properly engineer systems of systems composed of cars, trucks, roads, pedestrians, etc. This work is realized in the context of two Swedish projects coordinated by Volvo Cars and involving some universities and research centers in Sweden and many suppliers of the OEM, including Autoliv, Arccore, Combitech, Cybercom, Knowit, Prevas, ÅF-Technology, Semcom, and Qamcom.

过去几年，汽车领域正在迅速变化。OEM（即汽车制造商）面临的不同挑战中，汽车正在演变为系统系统。实际上，在过去的几年中，车辆已从不连贯的“盲”系统发展成为能够（i）感知周围环境和（ii）与其他车辆，城市，行人，骑自行车者等相连的系统。未来的交通方式系统可以看作是系统系统（SoS）。在SoS中，组成系统（即组成SoS的单元）可以充当独立系统，但是它们的合作可以实现新出现的有希望的方案。尽管这种趋势创造了新的机会，但也带来了危害诸如安全性，保密性和隐私性等关键质量的风险。

在本文中，我们专注于汽车领域，并研究如何设计和构造汽车以将其构建为未来运输系统的组成部分。我们的贡献是系统体系结构的体系结构观点，我们将基于汽车示例进行演示。此外，我们为SoS的组成部分提供了用于汽车的功能参考体系结构。该参考体系结构可以视为在特定项目和环境中设计的实现方式的烙印。我们还指出有必要在不同的OEM之间以及与道路交通管理当局和智慧城市等其他利益相关方之间进行协作，以适当地设计由汽车，卡车，道路，行人等组成的系统的系统。