Transportation demand management (TDM) covers strategies for reducing traffic congestion within the affected urban areas. Congestion pricing includes a branch of TDM strategies; among them, the entry-based cordon pricing, i.e., applying charge on entry, is the most popular because of practicality and social acceptance. Many researchers have investigated different second-best approaches for evaluations of cordon pricing plans, mostly by applying static traffic assignment methods. In this paper, a joint entry- and distance-based scheme is proposed to circumvent the deficiencies intrinsic to each. The optimal joint design is considered as the solution to an optimization problem, in which an equilibrium dynamic traffic assignment model is used to take account of flow variations and represent congestion effects more realistically. The problem is solved for the network of Sioux Falls by using an enumeration algorithm, and the solution is compared with those obtained for distinct entry- and distance-based schemes. Based on the results, the joint tolling has the best performance in reducing the total travel time of the travelers and in alleviating the congestion level inside the cordoned area, while generating a higher level of revenue from tolls. Furthermore, the numerical experiments show the unreliability of the results by static against dynamic modeling approach.

中文翻译：

---

基于入口和距离的联合警戒线定价方案分析：一种动态建模方法

运输需求管理（TDM）涵盖了减少受影响城市区域内交通拥堵的策略。拥塞定价包括TDM策略的一个分支；其中，由于实用性和社会认可度，基于入门的警戒线定价（即在进入时收取费用）最受欢迎。许多研究人员研究了不同的次优方法，用于评估警戒线定价计划，主要是采用静态流量分配方法。在本文中，提出了一种基于入口和距离的联合方案，以规避每种方法固有的缺陷。最优联合设计被认为是优化问题的解决方案，在该问题中，平衡动态交通分配模型用于考虑流量变化并更实际地表示拥堵效应。通过使用枚举算法解决了苏福尔斯网络的问题，并将该解决方案与针对不同的基于入口和距离的方案所获得的解决方案进行了比较。根据结果​​，联合通行费在减少旅行者的总旅行时间和减轻警戒线区域内部的拥堵程度方面具有最佳性能，同时可以通过通行费产生更高的收入水平。此外，数值实验表明了静态对动态建模方法结果的不可靠性。联合通行费在减少旅行者的总旅行时间和减轻封锁区域内部的拥挤程度方面具有最佳性能，同时可以通过通行费产生更高的收入水平。此外，数值实验表明了静态对动态建模方法结果的不可靠性。联合通行费在减少旅行者的总旅行时间和减轻封锁区域内部的拥挤程度方面具有最佳性能，同时可以通过通行费产生更高的收入水平。此外，数值实验表明了静态对动态建模方法结果的不可靠性。