Abstract Progress in spaceflight research has led to the introduction of various manned and unmanned reusable space vehicle concepts, opening up uncharted opportunities for the newborn space transport industry. For future space transport operations to be technically and commercially viable, it is critical that an acceptable level of safety is provided, requiring the development of novel mission planning and decision support tools that utilize advanced Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) technologies, and allowing a seamless integration of space operations in the current Air Traffic Management (ATM) network. A review of emerging platform operational concepts is conducted, highlighting both the challenges and the opportunities brought in by the integration with conventional atmospheric air transport. Common launch and re-entry planning methodologies are then discussed, where the physical and computational limitations of these approaches are identified and applicability to future commercial space transport operations is assessed. Attention is then turned to the on-orbit phase, where the unique hazards of the space environment are examined, followed by an overview to the necessary elements required for space object de-confliction and collision avoidance modelling. The regulatory framework evolutions required for spacecraft operations are then discussed, with a focus on space debris mitigation strategies and operational risk assessment. Within the atmospheric domain, possible extensions and alternatives to the conventional airspace segregation approaches are identified including promising Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) techniques to facilitate the integration of new-entrant platforms. Lastly, recent modelling approaches to meet on-orbit risk criteria are discussed and evolutionary requirements to improve current operational procedures are identified. These insights will inform future research on CNS/ATM and Avionics (CNS + A) systems and associated cyber-physical architectures for Space Traffic Management (STM).

中文翻译：

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空间交通管理：实现安全和非隔离的空间运输操作

摘要 航天研究的进步导致了各种载人和无人可重复使用航天器概念的引入，为新生的航天运输业开辟了未知的机遇。为了使未来的太空运输操作在技术和商业上可行，提供可接受的安全水平至关重要，需要开发利用先进通信、导航和监视 (CNS) 技术的新型任务规划和决策支持工具，并允许在当前的空中交通管理 (ATM) 网络中无缝集成空间操作。对新兴平台运行概念进行了审查，强调了与传统大气航空运输整合所带来的挑战和机遇。然后讨论了常见的发射和再入计划方法，其中确定了这些方法的物理和计算限制，并评估了对未来商业空间运输操作的适用性。然后将注意力转向在轨阶段，在此阶段检查空间环境的独特危险，然后概述空间物体消除冲突和避免碰撞建模所需的必要元素。然后讨论航天器运行所需的监管框架演变，重点是空间碎片减缓战略和运行风险评估。在大气领域，确定了传统空域隔离方法的可能扩展和替代方法，包括有前途的空中交通流量管理 (ATFM) 技术，以促进新进入平台的整合。最后，讨论了最近满足在轨风险标准的建模方法，并确定了改进当前操作程序的演进要求。这些见解将为未来对 CNS/ATM 和航空电子 (CNS + A) 系统以及相关的空间交通管理 (STM) 网络物理架构的研究提供信息。