In Brazil most forms of hunting and keeping of wild animals are illegal, although they remain widely practiced and are deeply culturally embedded in many regions. The drivers of such widespread non-compliance are poorly understood and evidence to support future policy decisions is generally lacking. In this paper, we seek to stimulate a critical debate on how to deal with hunting in Brazil by analysing the main factors driving non-compliance with current legislation. This is particularly timely given that several amendments to existing legislation are currently under consideration. Our analysis suggests that, while there are no simple solutions to non-compliance, a targeted suite of the following policy options could improve the monitoring, sustainability and conservation consequences of hunting in Brazil: (i) simplifying the process to become a registered subsistence hunter; (ii) expanding participation in licensing schemes; (iii) investing in pilot studies and assessing their environmental and socioeconomic impacts; (iv) expanding community-based management programmes; (v) trailing education and social marketing campaigns. These policy options are geographically and social-context specific and would be most effectively be implemented at regional or sub-regional scales.

在巴西，大多数狩猎和饲养野生动物的形式都是非法的，尽管它们仍被广泛采用并在许多地区具有深厚的文化底蕴。人们普遍不理解这种普遍违规行为的驱动因素，而且通常缺乏支持未来政策决策的证据。在本文中，我们将通过分析导致不遵守现行法规的主要因素，激发关于如何应对巴西狩猎的批判性辩论。鉴于目前正在考虑对现有法规进行几项修订，因此这特别及时。我们的分析表明，尽管没有简单的解决不合规问题的方法，但针对性的以下政策方案可以改善巴西狩猎的监测，可持续性和保护后果：（i）简化成为注册生存猎人的过程；（ii）扩大参与发牌制度；（iii）投资于试点研究并评估其对环境和社会经济的影响；（iv）扩大基于社区的管理计划；（v）开展落后的教育和社会营销运动。这些政策选择因地域和社会背景而异，将最有效地在区域或次区域范围内实施。