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The formation of stellar black holes
New Astronomy Reviews ( IF 6 ) Pub Date : 2017-08-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.newar.2017.04.002
Félix Mirabel

Abstract It is believed that stellar black holes (BHs) can be formed in two different ways: Either a massive star collapses directly into a BH without a supernova (SN) explosion, or an explosion occurs in a proto-neutron star, but the energy is too low to completely unbind the stellar envelope, and a large fraction of it falls back onto the short-lived neutron star (NS), leading to the delayed formation of a BH. Theoretical models set progenitor masses for BH formation by implosion, namely, by complete or almost complete collapse, but observational evidences have been elusive. Here are reviewed the observational insights on BHs formed by implosion without large natal kicks from: (1) the kinematics in three dimensions of space of five Galactic BH X-ray binaries (BH-XRBs), (2) the diversity of optical and infrared observations of massive stars that collapse in the dark, with no luminous SN explosions, possibly leading to the formation of BHs, and (3) the sources of gravitational waves (GWs) produced by mergers of stellar BHs so far detected with LIGO. Multiple indications of BH formation without ejection of a significant amount of matter and with no natal kicks obtained from these different areas of observational astrophysics, and the recent observational confirmation of the expected dependence of BH formation on metallicity and redshift, are qualitatively consistent with the high merger rates of binary black holes (BBHs) inferred from the first detections with LIGO.

中文翻译:

恒星黑洞的形成

摘要 人们相信恒星黑洞(BHs)可以通过两种不同的方式形成:要么大质量恒星在没有超新星(SN)爆炸的情况下直接坍缩成 BH,要么在原中子星中发生爆炸,但能量太低而无法完全解开恒星包层,其中很大一部分落回短寿命中子星 (NS),导致 BH 的形成延迟。理论模型通过内爆(即完全或几乎完全坍塌)为 BH 形成设定了前体质量,但观测证据一直难以捉摸。这里回顾了对由内爆形成的 BH 的观察见解,没有大的出生踢:(1)五个银河 BH X 射线双星(BH-XRB)的空间三维运动学,(2) 在黑暗中坍缩的大质量恒星的光学和红外观测的多样性,没有发光的 SN 爆炸,可能导致 BHs 的形成,以及 (3) 恒星合并产生的引力波 (GW) 的来源迄今为止用 LIGO 检测到的 BH。从这些不同的观测天体物理学领域获得的 BH 形成的多种迹象,没有喷射大量物质,也没有出生踢,以及最近对 BH 形成对金属丰度和红移的预期依赖性的观测证实,在性质上与高从 LIGO 的首次检测中推断出的双黑洞 (BBH) 合并率。(3)迄今为止用LIGO探测到的恒星BHs合并产生的引力波(GWs)的来源。从这些不同的观测天体物理学领域获得的 BH 形成的多种迹象,没有喷射大量物质,也没有出生踢,以及最近对 BH 形成对金属丰度和红移的预期依赖性的观测证实,在性质上与高从 LIGO 的首次检测中推断出的双黑洞 (BBH) 合并率。(3)迄今为止用LIGO探测到的恒星BHs合并产生的引力波(GWs)的来源。从这些不同的观测天体物理学领域获得的 BH 形成的多种迹象,没有喷射大量物质,也没有出生踢,以及最近对 BH 形成对金属丰度和红移的预期依赖性的观测证实,在性质上与高从 LIGO 的首次检测中推断出的双黑洞 (BBH) 合并率。
更新日期:2017-08-01
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