AbstractThe development of animal ethics has been characterized by both progress and absurdity. More activity in animal welfare has occurred in the past 50 years than in the previous 500, with large numbers of legislative actions supplanting the lone anti-cruelty laws. Nonetheless, there remains a tendency to confuse animal ethics with human ethics. I found this to be the case when my colleagues and I were drafting federal law requiring control of pain in invasive research. The history of animal ethics vacillates between Descartes’ denial of thought and feeling in animals and British empiricism, including the great skeptic David Hume, who affirmed in no uncertain terms the existence of animal mind. This approach was continued in British empiricism, culminating in the work of Charles Darwin. But despite Darwinian domination of biology and psychology, psychology was captured by denial of mind and consciousness by JB Watson, father of behaviorism. Denial of thought and feeling in animals continued in 20th century science and medicine while society in general became ever more firm in asserting their existence.

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动物伦理学的进步与荒谬

摘要 动物伦理学的发展具有进步性和荒诞性。在过去的 50 年里，动物福利方面的活动比前 500 年要多，大量立法行动取代了单独的反虐待法。尽管如此，仍然存在将动物伦理与人类伦理混淆的趋势。当我和我的同事正在起草要求在侵入性研究中控制疼痛的联邦法律时，我发现情况就是如此。动物伦理学的历史在笛卡尔否认动物的思想和情感和英国的经验主义之间摇摆不定，其中包括伟大的怀疑论者大卫·休谟，他毫不含糊地肯定了动物心理的存在。这种方法在英国的经验主义中得到延续，最终在查尔斯·达尔文的工作中达到顶峰。但是，尽管达尔文在生物学和心理学上占主导地位，但行为主义之父 JB Watson 否认了思想和意识，从而俘获了心理学。在 20 世纪的科学和医学中，对动物思想和情感的否定仍在继续，而整个社会则越来越坚定地主张它们的存在。