We analyse distributional effects of four car-related tax instruments: an increase of the fuel tax, a new kilometre tax, an increased CO₂-differentiated vehicle ownership tax, and a CO₂-differentiated purchase tax on new cars. Distributional effects are analysed with respect to income, lifecycle category, and spatial dimensions. The analysed taxes are progressive over most of the income distribution, but barely regressive if the highest and lowest incomes are included. However, the fraction of the population who suffer substantial welfare losses relative to income is much higher in lower income groups. We also study revenue recycling schemes; when these are included, the combined effect of tax and recycling is progressive. Considering geographical differences; rural areas carry a larger burden of fuel and vehicle taxes than urban areas, and satellites/suburbs carry a larger burden than central cities. However, rural areas are affected remarkably similar regardless of where in the country they are located.

我们分析了四种与汽车相关的税收工具的分配效应：燃油税的增加，新的公里税，增加的CO _2-有区别的车辆拥有税和CO ₂-新车的差别购置税。分析收入，生命周期类别和空间维度的分配效应。所分析的税收在大多数收入分配中都是累进的，但如果包括最高和最低收入，则几乎没有累进性。但是，相对于收入，遭受重大福利损失的人口比例在低收入人群中要高得多。我们还研究收入回收计划；如果将它们包括在内，则税收和回收再利用的综合效果是渐进的。考虑地域差异；农村地区比城市地区承担更多的燃料和车辆税负担，而卫星/郊区比市中心地区承担更大的负担。但是，无论农村地区位于哪个国家，农村地区受到的影响都非常相似。