Currently, all downtown tolls are “access tolls,” meaning they charge for gross access to a zone, but tolls levied on distance-traveled are on the horizon. This paper shows how such tolls affect the distribution of trip lengths. A static model is presented in which travelers with potentially different trip lengths decide whether to drive into a downtown zone governed by a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD), with each traveler’s choice probability declining as tolls and travel time rise. An application of Little's Law allows the model's equilibria to be derived in terms of a familiar supply/demand framework. Analysis proves and numerical simulation demonstrates that, if trip lengths and the value of a trip both vary across travelers, then access tolls inefficiently shift the distribution of car trip lengths toward long trips, whereas a distance toll can achieve the welfare-maximizing set of car trips.

当前，所有市区通行费都是“通行费”，这意味着它们对进入某个区域的总通行费收取费用，但随着距离的增长而征收的通行费也即将出现。本文显示了此类通行费如何影响行程长度的分布。提出了一个静态模型，其中潜在旅行长度可能不同的旅行者决定是否开车进入由宏观基本图（MFD）控制的市区，每个旅行者的选择概率随着通行费和旅行时间的增加而下降。利特尔定律的应用允许根据熟悉的供求框架得出模型的平衡。分析证明和数值模拟表明，如果行程长度和行程值在各个旅行者之间均发生变化，则通行费将无法有效地将乘车长度的分布向长途转移，