Abstract Although the parcel method and the convective available potential energy (CAPE) are widely used to predict the strength and height of convection, they ignore the pressure perturbation and fail to explain strong updrafts observed in tropical cyclones and hurricanes without CAPE, or deep, strong warm downdrafts in hurricane eye-walls, tropopause folds, or downslope winds leeward of mountains. Those phenomena can be explained by the Bernoulli equation that conserves the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and enthalpy in an inviscid fluid. Our analytic and numerical results also show how, in a moist stable environment without CAPE, updrafts and clouds can develop against negative buoyancy. Deep warm downdrafts can also form in cloud-free regions or areas without significant evaporative cooling from precipitation.

中文翻译：

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重温包裹法和CAPE

摘要 尽管包裹法和对流可用势能（CAPE）被广泛用于预测对流强度和高度，但它们忽略了压力扰动，无法解释在没有 CAPE 的热带气旋和飓风中观察到的强上升气流，或深强飓风眼壁、对流层顶褶皱中的温暖下沉气流，或山背风的下坡风。这些现象可以用伯努利方程来解释，该方程守恒了无粘性流体中的动能、势能和焓的总和。我们的分析和数值结果还表明，在没有 CAPE 的潮湿稳定环境中，上升气流和云是如何对抗负浮力的。在无云地区或没有明显的降水蒸发冷却的地区，也可以形成深而暖的下沉气流。