Many large cities worldwide are built on natural and engineered geological materials that are highly susceptible to liquefaction and associated ground failure in earthquakes. Constitutive equations describing relationships between sediment geotechnical characteristics, seismological parameters, and liquefaction susceptibility of natural and engineered sediments are well established. What is less understood is the role of anthropogenic landscape modifications (e.g., river channel modifications, sediment engineering and re-distribution) and infrastructure (e.g., buildings, buried infrastructure such as drainage systems) on the spatial distributions and severity of liquefaction and ground deformation. Here we use stratigraphic studies, ground penetrating radar (GPR), and analyses of high-resolution aerial photographs to evaluate surface and subsurface geological manifestations of recurrent liquefaction in anthropogenically-modified landscapes during the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand. Engineered fill layers provided low density, high permeability traps that captured fluidized sediment and promoted the formation of a unique assemblage of liquefaction-induced sediment intrusions that differ from those preserved in proximal natural sediment. Subsurface drainage systems imparted significant influence on the location, size and orientations of liquefaction ejecta features. Sediments adjacent to engineered stream channels experienced large lateral strains that are unlikely to have occurred in the absence of channel modifications. Spatial variations in naturally-formed topography and liquefaction-susceptible sediments exerted strong influence on the characteristics of liquefaction hazards, even in highly engineered environments. Collectively, these observations highlight important interactions between natural and engineered environments that should be carefully considered when interpreting the geologic effects of contemporary earthquakes and / or using prehistoric geological records to forecast future hazards.

世界上许多大城市都是以自然和工程地质材料为基础建造的，这些材料极易受到地震中的液化和相关地面破坏的影响。建立了描述天然和工程沉积物的沉积物岩土特征，地震参数和液化敏感性之间关系的本构方程。人们较少了解的是人为景观改造（例如河道改造，沉积物工程和再分配）和基础设施（例如建筑物，地下基础设施，例如排水系统）在液化和地面变形的空间分布和严重性方面的作用。 。在这里，我们使用地层研究，探地雷达（GPR）和高分辨率航空照片的分析，以评估在2010-2011年新西兰坎特伯雷地震序列中人为改变的景观中反复液化的表面和地下地质表现。工程填充层提供了低密度，高渗透率的陷阱，可以捕获流化的沉积物，并促进了由液化引起的沉积物侵入物的独特聚集，这与近端自然沉积物中的沉积物不同。地下排水系统对液化喷射特征的位置，大小和方向产生了重大影响。与工程河道相邻的沉积物承受较大的横向应变，如果不进行河道改造，则不太可能发生。即使在高度工程化的环境中，自然形成的地形和易液化的沉积物的空间变化也会对液化危害的特性产生很大的影响。总体而言，这些观察结果突出了自然环境与工程环境之间的重要相互作用，在解释当代地震的地质影响和/或使用史前地质记录来预测未来的灾害时应仔细考虑。