Citizen-generated counter speech is a promising way to fight hate speech and promote peaceful, non-polarized discourse. However, there is a lack of large-scale longitudinal studies of its effectiveness for reducing hate speech. We investigate the effectiveness of counter speech using several different macro- and micro-level measures of over 180,000 political conversations that took place on German Twitter over four years. We report on the dynamic interactions of hate and counter speech over time and provide insights into whether, as in `classic' bullying situations, organized efforts are more effective than independent individuals in steering online discourse. Taken together, our results build a multifaceted picture of the dynamics of hate and counter speech online. They suggest that organized hate speech produced changes in the public discourse. Counter speech, especially when organized, could help in curbing hate speech in online discussions.

中文翻译：

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在线仇恨和反言论的影响和动态

公民生成的反言论是打击仇恨言论和促进和平、非两极分化的言论的一种很有前途的方式。然而，缺乏对其减少仇恨言论有效性的大规模纵向研究。我们对四年来在德国 Twitter 上发生的超过 180,000 次政治对话使用几种不同的宏观和微观层面的措施来调查反言论的有效性。我们报告仇恨和反言论随时间的动态互动，并提供见解，如在“经典”欺凌情况下，有组织的努力是否比独立的个人更有效地控制在线话语。综上所述，我们的结果构建了一个多方面的在线仇恨和反言论动态图。他们认为有组织的仇恨言论会改变公共话语。反言论，尤其是在有组织的情况下，可以帮助遏制在线讨论中的仇恨言论。