ABSTRACT

Introduction

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-created delivery systems of proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, and means of extracellular communication. Though sEVs were initially considered to be the waste disposal mechanism, today they are at the forefront of research with different biological and pathological functions. Such EVs play a key role in the immunoregulation, CNS development, nervous system physiology, mammary gland development, induction of immunosuppression in pregnancy, the developmental signaling pathways, regeneration of different tissues, inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, apoptosis, stem cell differentiation, and extracellular matrix turnover.

Areas covered

SEVs contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers and the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases, infections, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Expert Opinion: There is no exact classification for EVs; however, according to size, density, morphological features, content, and biogenesis, they can be categorized into three major classes: microvesicles (ectosomes or microparticles), apoptotic bodies, and sEVs. SEVs, as an important class of EVs, have a crucial role in distinct biological functions. Moreover, shedding light on different structural and molecular aspects of sEV has led to their application in various therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery fields. In this review, we have endeavored to elaborate on different aspects of EVs, especially sEVs.

中文翻译：

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小细胞外囊泡 (sEV)：发现、功能、应用、检测方法和各种工程形式

摘要

介绍

细胞外囊泡 (EV) 是细胞产生的蛋白质、脂质或核酸的传递系统，是细胞外通讯的手段。尽管 sEVs 最初被认为是废物处理机制，但今天它们处于研究的前沿，具有不同的生物学和病理学功能。这种 EV 在免疫调节、中枢神经系统发育、神经系统生理学、乳腺发育、妊娠期免疫抑制的诱导、发育信号通路、不同组织的再生、炎症、血管生成、凝血、凋亡、干细胞分化和细胞外基质周转。

覆盖区域

SEV 有助于不同癌症的发病机制和各种神经退行性疾病、感染以及代谢和心血管疾病的进展。专家意见：电动汽车没有准确的分类；然而，根据大小、密度、形态特征、含量和生物发生，它们可以分为三大类：微泡（外泌体或微粒）、凋亡小体和 sEV。SEVs 作为一类重要的 EVs，在不同的生物学功能中起着至关重要的作用。此外，阐明 sEV 的不同结构和分子方面已导致其在各种治疗、诊断和药物递送领域中的应用。在这篇综述中，我们努力详细阐述了电动汽车，尤其是 sEV 的不同方面。