Streams of the particle ejected from the Sun and the extreme space weather conditions like storms, high‐speed streamers (HSSs), interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), corotating interaction regions (CIRs), and interplanetary shocks (IS) termed as geomagnetic storms have massive influence in the climate and components of the Earth's upper atmosphere such as total electron content (TEC). The study of TEC helps to understand variations in ionospheric electron density during geomagnetic storms. Global ionospheric maps of TEC are a real‐time mapping of GPS observations produced by ground‐based stations. In this paper, we have analyzed three intense geomagnetic storms of the year 2015: during 16–21 March 2015 (the St. Patrick's Day storm), 21–24 June 2015, and 18–22 December 2015. We present the variations of IMF‐Bz, solar wind parameters (Vsw, Nsw, and Psw), and geomagnetic indices (AE and SYM‐H) and the variations of vertical total electron content (VTEC) using simultaneous VTEC data from 12 GPS‐TEC stations over the Indian, Australian, Brazilian, and South African regions. We describe contrast in TEC throughout the globe using global ionospheric maps at a regular 2 hr interval of UT during the three intense geomagnetic storms. Moreover, we observed that heavily TEC‐influenced areas were found to be transposing through the equatorial plane starting from eastern sectors to the western sectors. The Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and South Pacific Ocean sectors were affected flowingly. Global ionospheric maps evince that Indian and Brazilian sectors were affected heavily explaining the traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID) and equatorial anomaly as seen in those areas. The equatorial and low‐latitude regions have been mainly affected by geomagnetic storms. All these results suggested that the acute disruption of global winds (surging toward the equator from higher latitudes) and electric fields commenced from magnetosphere‐ionosphere interaction causing the severe modification in the equatorial, low‐latitude region. We also checked the cross correlation of VTEC of LCK3 station and various other stations during the period of high solar and geomagnetic activities; the correlation gradually increased with the nearby stations by latitudes in most of the cases which was another intriguing result. Thus, these results suggested that the storms were affected globally, which is why we believe that variation of TEC over various stations of the globe could turn out to be very helpful in predicting solar wind coupling with the magnetosphere‐ionosphere.

中文翻译：

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强烈地磁风暴期间中低纬度地区太阳风参数和总电子含量的变化

从太阳和极端空间天气条件（如风暴，高速拖缆（HSS），行星际日冕质量抛射（ICME），同向相互作用区域（CIR）和行星际冲击（IS））喷出的粒子流，被称为地磁风暴对气候和地球高层大气成分（例如总电子含量（TEC））产生巨大影响。TEC的研究有助于了解地磁暴期间电离层电子密度的变化。TEC的全球电离层图是对地面站产生的GPS观测的实时映射。在本文中，我们分析了2015年的三场强地磁风暴：2015年3月16日至21日（圣帕特里克节风暴），2015年6月21日至24日以及2015年12月18日至22日。我们介绍了IMF的变化‐Bz 利用来自印度，澳大利亚，巴西的12个GPS-TEC站的同步VTEC数据，获得太阳风参数（Vsw，Nsw和Psw），地磁指数（AE和SYM-H）以及垂直总电子含量（VTEC）的变化以及南非地区。在三场强烈的地磁风暴期间，我们使用全球电离层图以UT的规则2小时间隔描述全球TEC中的对比度。此外，我们观察到，受TEC影响较大的区域被发现从赤道平面开始从东部向西部转移。印度洋，大西洋和南太平洋地区受到影响。全球电离层图表明，印度和巴西的部门受到了严重影响，从而解释了在这些地区看到的电离层扰动（TID）和赤道异常。赤道和低纬地区主要受到地磁风暴的影响。所有这些结果表明，全球风（从高纬度向赤道升起）和电场的急剧破坏是从磁层-电离层相互作用开始的，从而引起了赤道，低纬度地区的严重变化。我们还检查了LCK3站和其他多个站在强烈的太阳和地磁活动期间的VTEC的互相关性；在大多数情况下，相关性与附近站点的纬度逐渐增加，这是另一个有趣的结果。从而，