This study investigated arsenic (As) and heavy metal (HM) contamination of drinking water sources in Islamabad, Pakistan. For this purpose, samples (n=60) were collected from various drinking water sources (bore wells, tube wells, tap, filtration plant, and bottled water). The physicochemical parameters of samples were analyzed, including basic parameters such as pH; electrical conductivity; total dissolved solids; anions: fluoride, chloride, and As; and HMs: Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Fe. Results revealed that the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, and As surpassed the drinking water guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) by 23.3%, 6.67%, 1.67%, 20.0%, and 3.34%, respectively. The chronic risk posed by exposure to the measured As and HM concentrations were evaluated by calculating the average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results revealed that HQ values were <1 for HMs; however, that of As was >1 for drinking water for children (in 3.34% samples). The CR posed by As consumption surpassed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) threshold limits of (1.0E−04 to 1.0E−06). Statistical analyses such as Pearson correlation and principal component analyses suggested that drinking water contamination was attributable to both anthropogenic and geogenic activities.

这项研究调查了巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡饮用水源的砷（As）和重金属（HM）污染。为此，从各种饮用水源（钻孔，管井，自来水，过滤厂和瓶装水）收集了样本（n = 60）。分析了样品的理化参数，包括pH等基本参数；电导率 总溶解固体；阴离子：氟，氯和砷；和HM：Pb，Cd，Ni，Zn和Fe。结果显示，铅，镉，镍，铁和砷的含量分别超过世界卫生组织（WHO）的饮用水准则23.3％，6.67％，1.67％，20.0％和3.34％。通过计算平均日剂量（ADD），危险商（HQ），和致癌风险（CR）。结果表明，HM的HQ值<1；然而，儿童饮用水中砷的含量> 1（在3.34％的样本中）。由消费引起的CR超过了美国环境保护局（USEPA）的阈值限制（1.0E−04至1.0E−06）。皮尔逊相关性和主成分分析等统计分析表明，饮用水污染既可归因于人为活动，也可归因于地球活动。