The opioid crisis has proliferated at an unprecedented rate worldwide, posing significant public health challenges. This review presents the current state of electrochemical methods to positively identify and quantify fentanyl, a potent and popular opioid, and its analogs in liquid and solid matrices. Specific emphasis is placed on point-of-use sensors, which are urgently needed to provide first responders with tools to identify unknown powders and treat victims of an opioid overdose. Electroanalytical techniques are uniquely poised to generate such sensors based on their portability, low cost, and ease of use compared to chromatographic, colorimetric, and spectroscopic methods. However, significant challenges remain, including enhancing sensor sensitivity for quantification of fentanyl at biologically relevant concentrations (<80 nM), and the extension of electrochemical methods to selectively identify common fentanyl analogs. Critically examining the strengths and weaknesses of electrochemical analysis for fentanyl detection and quantification is paramount for the continued development of deployable sensors to assist first responders in the control of this illicit family of substances.

阿片类药物危机在世界范围内以前所未有的速度扩散，对公共卫生构成了重大挑战。这篇综述介绍了在液体和固体基质中积极鉴定和定量有效和流行的阿片类药物芬太尼及其类似物的电化学方法的现状。特别强调使用点传感器，为向急救人员提供识别未知粉末并治疗阿片类药物过量受害者的迫切需要。基于其便携性，低成本和与色谱法，比色法和光谱法相比易于使用的特点，电分析技术具有独特的优势，可以生产此类传感器。但是，仍然存在重大挑战，包括提高传感器灵敏度以进行生物学相关浓度（<80 nM）的芬太尼定量分析，扩展了电化学方法以选择性地识别常见的芬太尼类似物。严格检查用于芬太尼检测和定量的电化学分析的优缺点对于继续开发可部署传感器以协助急救人员控制这种非法物质家族至关重要。