Given the high prevalence of individuals diagnosed with substance use disorder, along with the elevated rate of relapse following treatment initiation, investigating novel approaches and new modalities for substance use disorder treatment is of vital importance. One such approach involves neuromodulation which has been used therapeutically for neurological and psychiatric disorders and has demonstrated positive preliminary findings for the treatment of substance use disorder. The following article provides a review of several forms of neuromodulation which warrant consideration as potential treatments for substance use disorder. PubMed, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science were used to identify published articles and clinicaltrials.gov was used to identify currently ongoing or planned studies. Search criteria for Brain Stimulation included the following terminology: transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, theta burst stimulation, deep brain stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, percutaneous nerve field stimulation, auricular nerve stimulation, and low intensity focused ultrasound. Search criteria for Addiction included the following terminology: addiction, substance use disorder, substance-related disorder, cocaine, methamphetamine, amphetamine, alcohol, nicotine, tobacco, smoking, marijuana, cannabis, heroin, opiates, opioids, and hallucinogens. Results revealed that there are currently several forms of neuromodulation, both invasive and non-invasive, which are being investigated for the treatment of substance use disorder. Preliminary findings have demonstrated the potential of these various neuromodulation techniques in improving substance treatment outcomes by reducing those risk factors (e.g. substance craving) associated with relapse. Specifically, transcranial magnetic stimulation has shown the most promise with several well-designed studies supporting the potential for reducing substance craving. Deep brain stimulation has also shown promise, though lacks well-controlled clinical trials to support its efficacy. Transcranial direct current stimulation has also demonstrated promising results though consistently designed, randomized trials are also needed. There are several other forms of neuromodulation which have not yet been investigated clinically but warrant further investigation given their mechanisms and potential efficacy based on findings from other studied indications. In summary, given promising findings in reducing substance use and craving, neuromodulation may provide a non-pharmacological option as a potential treatment and/or treatment augmentation for substance use disorder. Further research investigating neuromodulation, both alone and in combination with already established substance use disorder treatment (e.g. medication treatment), warrants consideration.

中文翻译：

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针对物质使用障碍的经颅磁刺激、深部脑刺激和其他形式的神经调节：治疗方式和影响的回顾

鉴于被诊断患有物质使用障碍的个体的高患病率，以及治疗开始后复发率的升高，研究物质使用障碍治疗的新方法和新方式至关重要。一种这样的方法涉及神经调节，它已被用于治疗神经和精神疾病，并已显示出治疗物质使用障碍的积极初步结果。以下文章回顾了几种形式的神经调节，这些形式值得考虑作为物质使用障碍的潜在治疗方法。PubMed、PsycINFO、Ovid MEDLINE 和 Web of Science 用于识别已发表的文章，clinicaltrials.gov 用于识别当前正在进行或计划进行的研究。脑刺激的搜索标准包括以下术语：经颅直流电刺激、经颅磁刺激、θ脉冲刺激、深部脑刺激、迷走神经刺激、三叉神经刺激、经皮神经场刺激、耳神经刺激和低强度聚焦超声。成瘾的搜索标准包括以下术语：成瘾、物质使用障碍、物质相关障碍、可卡因、甲基苯丙胺、苯丙胺、酒精、尼古丁、烟草、吸烟、大麻、大麻、海洛因、阿片类药物、阿片类药物和致幻剂。结果显示，目前有几种形式的神经调节，包括侵入性和非侵入性，正在研究用于治疗物质使用障碍。初步发现已经证明了这些不同的神经调节技术在通过减少与复发相关的那些风险因素（例如物质渴望）来改善物质治疗结果方面的潜力。具体而言，经颅磁刺激显示出最有希望的几项精心设计的研究，支持减少物质渴望的潜力。深部脑刺激也显示出希望，但缺乏控制良好的临床试验来支持其疗效。尽管还需要设计一致的随机试验，但经颅直流电刺激也显示出有希望的结果。还有几种其他形式的神经调节尚未在临床上进行研究，但鉴于基于其他研究适应症的发现它们的机制和潜在功效，值得进一步研究。总之，鉴于在减少物质使用和渴望方面的有希望的发现，神经调节可能提供一种非药物选择作为物质使用障碍的潜在治疗和/或治疗增强。进一步研究调查神经调节，无论是单独的还是与已经建立的物质使用障碍治疗（例如药物治疗）相结合，都值得考虑。神经调节可以提供一种非药物选择，作为物质使用障碍的潜在治疗和/或治疗增强。进一步研究调查神经调节，无论是单独的还是与已经建立的物质使用障碍治疗（例如药物治疗）相结合，都值得考虑。神经调节可以提供一种非药物选择，作为物质使用障碍的潜在治疗和/或治疗增强。进一步研究调查神经调节，无论是单独的还是与已经建立的物质使用障碍治疗（例如药物治疗）相结合，都值得考虑。