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Inside the supergene of the bird with four sexes.
Hormones and Behavior ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-19 , DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104850
Donna L Maney 1 , Jennifer R Merritt 1 , Mackenzie R Prichard 1 , Brent M Horton 2 , Soojin V Yi 3
Affiliation  

The white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) offers unique opportunities to understand the adaptive value of supergenes, particularly their role in alternative phenotypes. In this species, alternative plumage morphs segregate with a nonrecombining segment of chromosome 2, which has been called a ‘supergene’. The species mates disassortatively with respect to the supergene; that is, each breeding pair consists of one individual with it and one without it. This species has therefore been called the “bird with four sexes”. The supergene segregates with a behavioral phenotype; birds with it are more aggressive and less parental than birds without it. Here, we review our efforts to identify the genes inside the supergene that are responsible for the behavioral polymorphism. The gene ESR1, which encodes estrogen receptor α, differs between the morphs and predicts both territorial and parental behavior. Variation in the regulatory regions of ESR1 causes an imbalance in expression of the two alleles, and the degree to which this imbalance favors the supergene allele predicts territorial singing. In heterozygotes, knockdown of ESR1 causes a phenotypic switch, from more aggressive to less aggressive. We recently showed that another gene important for social behavior, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), is differentially expressed between the morphs and predicts territorial singing. We hypothesize that ESR1 and VIP contribute to behavior in a coordinated way and could represent co-adapted alleles. Because the supergene contains more than 1000 individual genes, this species provides rich possibilities for discovering alleles that work together to mediate life-history trade-offs and maximize the fitness of alternative complex phenotypes.



中文翻译:

在具有四种性别的鸟类的超基因内。

白喉麻雀 ( Zonotrichia albicollis ) 提供了独特的机会来了解超基因的适应性价值,特别是它们在替代表型中的作用。在这个物种中,替代的羽毛形态与 2 号染色体的非重组片段分离,这被称为“超基因”。该物种在超基因方面不相配地交配;也就是说,每个繁殖对由一个有它的个体和一个没有它的个体组成。因此,该物种被称为“四性鸟”。超基因与行为表型分离;与没有它的鸟相比,有它的鸟更具攻击性和更少的父母。在这里,我们回顾了我们为确定超基因内负责行为多态性的基因所做的努力。基因ESR1,编码雌激素受体α,在变体之间有所不同,并预测领土和父母行为。ESR1调控区域的变异导致两个等位基因的表达不平衡,这种不平衡有利于超基因等​​位基因的程度预示着领土歌唱。在杂合子中,ESR1 的敲低会导致表型转换,从更具攻击性到更不具有攻击性。我们最近表明,另一个对社会行为很重要的基因,血管活性肠肽 ( VIP ),在变体之间差异表达并预测领土歌唱。我们假设ESR1VIP以协调的方式促进行为,并且可以代表共同适应的等位基因。由于超基因包含 1000 多个个体基因,因此该物种为发现等位基因提供了丰富的可能性,这些等位基因协同工作以调节生命史权衡并最大化替代复杂表型的适应性。

更新日期:2020-09-20
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