The Sasso Fratino Integral Natural Reserve (Central Italy), a rare example of climax Mediterranean forest, provides an extraordinary opportunity to create an important soundscape reference of old-growth forest. In this study, we describe the soundscape of three localities (Lama, Sasso 950, Sasso 1400) representative of a gradient of variety and complexity of habitats, recorded during the period 10 May to 9 June 2017. Our results reveal temporal partitioning into acoustically homogeneous periods across 24 h suggesting that soniferous species (mainly birds) adopt ecological routines in which their acoustic activity is organized according to specific transient physiological needs. We processed multi-temporal aggregates of 1, 5, 10, and 15 s recordings and calculated the Acoustic Signature (AS) with four new indices: Ecoacoustic Events (EE), Acoustic Signature Dissimilarity (ASD), and their fractal dimensions (D_EE and D_ASD), derived from the Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI). The use of the EE and ASD greatly improved the AS interpretation, adding further details such as the emergence of a clear sequence of patterns consistent with the daily evolution of the overall soundscape. D_EE and D_ASD confirm the patterns observed using the AS, but provide more clarity and detail about the great acoustic complexity that exists across temporal scales in this old-growth forest. The temporal turnover of different acoustic communities occurs as a result of a gradual shift of different homogenous acoustic properties. We conclude that soniferous species use distinct, species-specific temporal resolutions according to their physiological and ecological needs and that the fractal approach used here provides a novel tool to overcome the difficulties associated with describing multi-temporal acoustic patterns.

Sasso Fratino整体自然保护区（意大利中部）是地中海高潮森林的罕见例子，它提供了一个难得的机会来创建重要的旧森林森林景观。在这项研究中，我们描述了三个地区（喇嘛，萨索950，萨索1400）的声景，代表了栖息地的多样性和复杂性梯度，记录于2017年5月10日至6月9日。长达24小时的时间表明，含声物种（主要是鸟类）采用了生态程序，其中声活动根据特定的瞬时生理需要进行组织。我们处理了1、5、10和15 s记录的多时间集合，并计算了声学签名（AS），并具有四个新指标：生态声学事件（EE），声学特征差异（ASD）及其分形维数（D _EE和D _ASD），这些指标是根据声学复杂性指数（ACI）得出的。使用的EE和ASD大大提高了AS解释，增加进一步的细节，如与整体音场的日常演变一贯明确的顺序出现。D _EE和D _ASD确认使用AS观察到的模式，但可以提供更多的清晰度和细节，以了解这个古老森林中各个时间尺度上存在的巨大声学复杂性。由于不同的均匀声学特性的逐渐变化，出现了不同的声学共同体的时间转换。我们得出的结论是，发声物种根据其生理和生态需求使用不同的，特定于物种的时间分辨率，并且此处使用的分形方法提供了一种新颖的工具，可以克服与描述多时相声学模式相关的困难。