Pathological neointimal growth can develop in patients as a result of vascular injury following percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting using autologous saphenous vein, leading to arterial or vein graft occlusion. Neointima formation driven by intimal hyperplasia occurs as a result of a complex interplay between molecular and cellular processes involving different cell types including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and various inflammatory cells. Therefore, understanding the intercellular communication mechanisms underlying this process remains of fundamental importance in order to develop therapeutic strategies to preserve endothelial integrity and vascular health post coronary interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, are membrane-bound particles secreted by cells which mediate intercellular signalling in physiological and pathophysiological states, however their role in neointima formation is not fully understood. The purification and characterization techniques currently used in the field are associated with many limitations which significantly hinder the ability to comprehensively study the role of specific EV types and make direct functional comparisons between EV subpopulations. In this review, the current knowledge focusing on EV signalling in neointima formation post vascular injury is discussed.

由于经皮冠状动脉介入治疗和使用自体大隐静脉的冠状动脉旁路移植术后血管损伤，患者可能会出现病理性新内膜生长，导致动脉或静脉移植物闭塞。由内膜增生驱动的新内膜形成是分子和细胞过程之间复杂相互作用的结果，涉及不同细胞类型，包括内皮细胞、血管平滑肌细胞和各种炎症细胞。因此，了解这一过程背后的细胞间通讯机制对于制定冠状动脉介入治疗后保持内皮完整性和血管健康的治疗策略仍然至关重要。细胞外囊泡（EV），包括微泡和外泌体，是细胞分泌的膜结合颗粒，在生理和病理生理状态下介导细胞间信号传导，但它们在新内膜形成中的作用尚不完全清楚。目前该领域使用的纯化和表征技术存在许多局限性，严重阻碍了全面研究特定 EV 类型的作用以及在 EV 亚群之间进行直接功能比较的能力。在这篇综述中，讨论了当前关于血管损伤后新内膜形成中 EV 信号传导的知识。