Early developmental environments influence life-history traits and survival of reptiles. In fact, rising global temperatures have already caused widespread extinctions among lizards. Viviparous species might be more susceptible to increasing temperatures because of their inability to meet their energetic demands following rapid environmental changes. Nevertheless, we do not yet fully understand how lizards with different reproductive modes can respond to climate change. We investigated the effect of both maternal thermal environment during pregnancy and incubation temperature on hatchling morphology and physiological performance of two populations of the lizard Saiphos equalis differing in their mode of reproduction, to test whether reproductive mode affects the ability to buffer against rising temperatures. Gravid females from both populations were subjected to current or projected end-of-century (future) thermal environments, to evaluate differences in the body size, growth rate, thermal preference, and locomotor performance of their offspring. Our results show that independently of the mode of reproduction, high temperatures accelerated gestation periods. Thermal environments did not affect hatchling thermal preference, but viviparous hatchlings consistently preferred lower temperatures. Unlike viviparous lizards, oviparous hatchlings incubated under future temperatures were smaller and had a lower growth rate compared to current-incubated hatchlings. Finally, thermal environments did not affect hatchling endurance and speed when controlling for body size. Our results show that global warming is likely to have a negative impact on S. equalis, but suggest that some of its effects may be ameliorated by maternal responses during pregnancy, particularly in viviparous populations.

中文翻译：

---

早期热环境对双峰繁殖蜥蜴物种形态和性能的影响

早期发育环境影响爬行动物的生活史特征和生存。事实上，全球气温上升已经导致蜥蜴大范围灭绝。胎生物种可能更容易受到温度升高的影响，因为它们无法在环境快速变化后满足其能量需求。尽管如此，我们尚未完全了解具有不同繁殖方式的蜥蜴如何应对气候变化。我们研究了孕期母体热环境和孵化温度对两种繁殖方式不同的蜥蜴 Saiphos equalis 种群的孵化形态和生理性能的影响，以测试繁殖方式是否影响对温度升高的缓冲能力。来自两个种群的妊娠雌性都受到当前或预计的世纪末（未来）热环境的影响，以评估其后代在体型、生长速度、热偏好和运动能力方面的差异。我们的结果表明，与繁殖方式无关，高温会加速妊娠期。热环境不影响幼体的热偏好，但胎生幼体始终偏好较低的温度。与胎生蜥蜴不同的是，与当前孵化的幼龟相比，在未来温度下孵化的卵生幼龟更小，生长速度也更低。最后，在控制体型时，热环境不会影响孵化的耐力和速度。我们的结果表明，全球变暖很可能对 S.equalis 产生负面影响，