In the time of rapidly depleting petroleum resources, worldwide food shortages, and solid waste problems, it is imperative to promote dedicated research into using an appropriate pretreatment technique utilizing regeneratable raw materials such as lignocellulosic biomass. However, not all pretreatment techniques are viable alternatives for industrial practice. Pretreatment is an important step to upgrade different kinds of lignocellulosic biomass into more valuable products, including biofuels and bio-based industrial chemicals. Most of the pretreatment techniques have their limitations or weaknesses, including high operational costs and temperature, toxicity and corrosiveness to the instrument, etc., while, some other pretreatment methods such as biological and plasma pretreatment are green procedures that can also be used to alter the physical and chemical properties of lignocellulosic materials. Although our present understanding is still low and not much research has been done to guarantee which pretreatment method is the reliable alternative, the combination of different pretreatment methods could be a good strategy to overcome the limitations of each approach. This review presents an overview of different pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass to increase the rate and the degree of cellulose hydrolysis and subsequent processing steps as well as future perspectives.

中文翻译：

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木质纤维素生物质的预处理和发酵：反应机理和工艺工程

在石油资源迅速枯竭，全球粮食短缺和固体废物问题之际，必须促进专门研究，以利用利用可再生原材料（例如木质纤维素生物质）的适当预处理技术。但是，并非所有预处理技术都是工业实践的可行替代方案。预处理是将不同种类的木质纤维素生物质升级为更有价值的产品（包括生物燃料和生物基工业化学品）的重要步骤。大多数预处理技术都有其局限性或弱点，包括较高的运行成本和温度，对仪器的毒性和腐蚀性等。同时，其他一些预处理方法（例如生物预处理和血浆预处理）是绿色程序，也可以用于更改木质纤维素材料的物理和化学性质。尽管我们目前的了解仍然很低，并且还没有做太多的研究来保证哪种预处理方法是可靠的替代方法，但是不同预处理方法的组合可能是克服每种方法的局限性的好策略。这篇综述对木质纤维素生物质的不同预处理方法进行了概述，以提高纤维素水解的速率和程度以及随后的加工步骤以及未来的前景。