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Precision Timing in the CMS MTD Barrel Timing Layer with Crystal Bars and SiPMs
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science ( IF 1.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1109/tns.2020.3009251
Francesco Santanastasio

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is undergoing an extensive Phase II upgrade program to prepare for the challenging conditions of the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). In particular, a new timing layer will measure minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) with a time resolution of ~30–40 ps and hermetic coverage up to a pseudorapidity of $\left |{ \eta }\right |=3$ . The precision time information from this detector will reduce the effects of the high levels of pileup expected at the HL-LHC and will bring new and unique capabilities to the CMS detector. This MIP Timing Detector (MTD) will consist of a central barrel timing layer (BTL) based on L(Y)SO:Ce crystals read out with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) and two end-caps instrumented with radiation-tolerant low-gain avalanche detectors (LGADs). With the goal of maximizing the detector performance within the stringent constraints of space, cost, and channel count, the BTL exploits elongated crystal bars, each read out with two SiPMs. This unusual geometry enables the instrumentation of large surfaces while minimizing the active area of the photodetectors and thus noise and power consumption. This article presents a summary of the research and development studies carried out to optimize this crystal-based technology and key beam test results in which the target time resolution of 30 ps has been achieved.

中文翻译:

具有晶体棒和 SiPM 的 CMS MTD 桶式定时层中的精密定时

欧洲核子研究委员会 (CERN) 大型强子对撞机 (LHC) 的紧凑型介子螺线管 (CMS) 探测器正在进行广泛的第二阶段升级计划,为高亮度 LHC (HL-LHC) 的挑战性条件做好准备。特别是,一个新的计时层将测量最小电离粒子 (MIP),其时间分辨率为 ~30–40 ps,密封覆盖率高达 $\left |{ \eta }\right |=3$ 的伪快速度。来自该探测器的精确时间信息将减少 HL-LHC 预期的高水平堆积的影响,并将为 CMS 探测器带来新的独特功能。该 MIP 定时检测器 (MTD) 将包含一个基于 L(Y)SO 的中央桶定时层 (BTL):Ce 晶体用硅光电倍增管 (SiPM) 和两个装有耐辐射低增益雪崩探测器 (LGAD) 的端盖读取。为了在空间、成本和通道数的严格限制内最大限度地提高探测器性能,BTL 使用细长的晶体棒,每个晶体棒都用两个 SiPM 读出。这种不寻常的几何形状能够实现大表面的检测,同时最大限度地减少光电探测器的有效面积,从而减少噪声和功耗。本文总结了为优化这种基于晶体的技术和关键光束测试结果而进行的研发研究,其中已实现 30 ps 的目标时间分辨率。和通道数,BTL 利用细长的晶体条,每个晶体条都用两个 SiPM 读出。这种不寻常的几何形状能够实现大表面的检测,同时最大限度地减少光电探测器的有效面积,从而减少噪声和功耗。本文总结了为优化这种基于晶体的技术和关键光束测试结果而进行的研发研究,其中已实现 30 ps 的目标时间分辨率。和通道数,BTL 利用细长的晶体条,每个晶体条都用两个 SiPM 读出。这种不寻常的几何形状能够实现大表面的检测,同时最大限度地减少光电探测器的有效面积,从而减少噪声和功耗。本文总结了为优化这种基于晶体的技术和关键光束测试结果而进行的研发研究,其中已实现 30 ps 的目标时间分辨率。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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