Internet of Things (IoT) is regarded as the fundamental platform for many emerging services, such as smart city, smart home, and intelligent transportation systems. With ever-increasing penetration of IoT, it becomes of great importance to ensure the IoT security, as the security threats are extended from the cyber world to the physical world. In this article, we investigate physical-layer authentication to help verify the identity of IoT entities for preventing unauthorized access to information or service. Specifically, we propose a Gaussian-tag-embedded physical-layer authentication (GTEA) scheme by using a weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT). Through the superimposition of a low-power Gaussian WFRFT tag onto the message signal, the legitimate receiver can verify the authenticity of the received signal at the physical layer, without being detected by adversaries. Moreover, security analysis shows that with the deliberately designed Gaussian tag, the GTEA scheme is robust against spoofing and replaying attacks. In addition, tradeoff analysis and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the capability of the GTEA scheme in achieving reliability of the message delivery, stealth of the embedded tag signal, and balancing the tradeoff among the robustness of user authentication. Moreover, a prototype is further developed using FPGA and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance improvement of the proposed GTEA scheme.

中文翻译：

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通过基于WFRFT的高斯标签嵌入进行物联网的物理层身份验证

物联网（IoT）被视为许多新兴服务的基本平台，例如智能城市，智能家居和智能交通系统。随着IoT的不断普及，确保安全性已从网络世界扩展到物理世界，对于确保IoT安全至关重要。在本文中，我们将研究物理层身份验证，以帮助验证IoT实体的身份，以防止未经授权的信息或服务访问。具体来说，我们提出了一种使用加权分数阶傅里叶变换（WFRFT）的高斯标签嵌入式物理层身份验证（GTEA）方案。通过将低功率高斯WFRFT标签叠加到消息信号上，合法接收器可以在物理层上验证接收信号的真实性，不会被对手发现。此外，安全性分析表明，通过精心设计的高斯标签，GTEA方案可以抵御欺骗和重放攻击。此外，还提供了折衷分析和仿真结果，以证明GTEA方案在实现消息传递的可靠性，嵌入标签信号的隐身性以及在用户身份验证的鲁棒性之间取得平衡的能力。此外，使用FPGA进一步开发了原型，并进行了实验以证明所提出的GTEA方案的有效性和性能改进。提供了权衡分析和仿真结果，以证明GTEA方案在实现消息传递的可靠性，隐藏标签信号的隐身性以及在用户身份验证的鲁棒性之间进行权衡的能力。此外，使用FPGA进一步开发了原型，并进行了实验以证明所提出的GTEA方案的有效性和性能改进。提供了权衡分析和仿真结果，以证明GTEA方案在实现消息传递的可靠性，隐藏标签信号的隐身性以及在用户身份验证的鲁棒性之间进行权衡的能力。此外，使用FPGA进一步开发了原型，并进行了实验以证明所提出的GTEA方案的有效性和性能改进。