The risk of infection associated with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been increasingly addressed in recent scientific literature. A modified Delphi consensus process was conducted to develop clinically relevant, evidence-based recommendations to assist physicians with decision-making in relation to the risks of a wide range of infections associated with different DMDs in patients with MS. The current consensus statements, developed by a panel of experts (neurologists, infectious disease specialists, a gynaecologist and a neuroradiologist), address the risk of iatrogenic infections (opportunistic infections, including herpes and cryptococcal infections, candidiasis and listeria; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; human papillomavirus and urinary tract infections; respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis; hepatitis and gastrointestinal infections) in patients with MS treated with different DMDs, as well as prevention strategies and surveillance strategies for the early identification of infections. In the discussion, more recent data emerged in the literature were taken into consideration. Recommended risk reduction and management strategies for infections include screening at diagnosis and before starting a new DMD, prophylaxis where appropriate, monitoring and early diagnosis.

中文翻译：

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接受疾病改善疗法治疗的多发性硬化患者的感染风险：德尔福共识声明

多发性硬化症 (MS) 患者与免疫调节或免疫抑制疾病缓解药物 (DMD) 相关的感染风险在最近的科学文献中越来越多地得到解决。进行了修改后的德尔福共识过程，以制定临床相关的、基于证据的建议，以帮助医生做出与 MS 患者不同 DMD 相关的各种感染风险相关的决策。当前的共识声明由专家小组（神经科医生、传染病专家、妇科医生和神经放射科医生）制定，解决医源性感染（机会性感染，包括疱疹和隐球菌感染、念珠菌病和李斯特菌；进行性多灶性白质脑病；人乳头瘤病毒和尿路感染；呼吸道感染和肺结核；肝炎和胃肠道感染）在接受不同 DMD 治疗的 MS 患者中，以及早期识别感染的预防策略和监测策略。在讨论中，考虑了文献中出现的更多最新数据。推荐的感染风险降低和管理策略包括在诊断时和开始新的 DMD 之前进行筛查、适当的预防、监测和早期诊断。文献中出现的最新数据也被考虑在内。推荐的感染风险降低和管理策略包括在诊断时和开始新的 DMD 之前进行筛查、适当的预防、监测和早期诊断。文献中出现的最新数据也被考虑在内。推荐的感染风险降低和管理策略包括在诊断时和开始新的 DMD 之前进行筛查、适当的预防、监测和早期诊断。