Infants show strikingly different reactions to incongruity: looking or smiling. The former occurs in response to magical events and the latter to humorous events. We argue that these reactions depend largely on the respective experimental methodologies employed, including the popular violation of expectation (VOE) paradigm. Although both types of studies involve infants’ reactions to incongruity, their literatures have yet to confront each other, and researchers in each domain are drawing strikingly different conclusions regarding infants’ understanding of the world. Here, we argue that infants are sensitive to and constrained by several contextual differences in the methodologies employed by incongruity researchers that afford one or the other reaction. We apply De Jaegher and Di Paolo’s participatory sense-making framework to further understand what infants are sensitive to in these paradigms. Understanding infants’ reactions to incongruity (i.e., VOE) is necessary to clear up claims regarding the sophistication of their knowledge of physical and social phenomena. Attention to several simple methodological details is recommended.

中文翻译：

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理解婴儿对不协调的不同反应

婴儿对不协调表现出截然不同的反应：看或微笑。前者是对魔法事件的反应，后者是对幽默事件的反应。我们认为，这些反应在很大程度上取决于所采用的相应实验方法，包括流行的违反期望 (VOE) 范式。尽管这两种类型的研究都涉及婴儿对不协调的反应，但它们的文献尚未相互对立，并且每个领域的研究人员都对婴儿对世界的理解得出了截然不同的结论。在这里，我们认为婴儿对提供一种或另一种反应的不协调研究人员所采用的方法的几种背景差异敏感并受到限制。我们应用 De Jaegher 和 Di Paolo 的参与式意义构建框架来进一步了解婴儿在这些范式中对什么敏感。了解婴儿对不协调（即 VOE）的反应对于澄清有关他们对物理和社会现象知识的复杂性的主张是必要的。建议注意几个简单的方法细节。