Cells produce cytoplasmic vesicles to facilitate the processing and transport of RNAs, proteins, and other signaling molecules among intracellular organelles. Moreover, most cells release a range of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mediate intercellular communication in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition to a better understanding of their biological functions, the diagnostic and therapeutic prospects of EVs, particularly the nano‐sized small EVs (sEVs, exosomes), are currently being rigorously pursued. While EVs and viruses such as retroviruses might have evolved independently, they share a number of similar characteristics, including biogenesis pathways, size distribution, cargo, and cell‐targeting mechanisms. The interplay of EVs with viruses has profound effects on viral replication and infectivity. Our research indicates that sEVs, produced by primary human trophoblasts, can endow other non‐placental cell types with antiviral response. Better insights into the interaction of EVs with viruses may illuminate new ways to attenuate viral infections during pregnancy, and perhaps develop new antiviral therapeutics to protect the feto‐placental unit during critical times of human development.

中文翻译：

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滋养层细胞外囊泡和病毒：朋友还是敌人？

细胞产生细胞质囊泡，以促进细胞内细胞器之间 RNA、蛋白质和其他信号分子的加工和运输。此外，大多数细胞释放一系列细胞外囊泡（EV），在生理和病理环境中介导细胞间通讯。除了更好地了解其生物学功能外，目前正在严格研究 EV，特别是纳米级小型 EV（sEV，外泌体）的诊断和治疗前景。虽然电动汽车和逆转录病毒等病毒可能是独立进化的，但它们具有许多相似的特征，包括生物发生途径、大小分布、货物和细胞靶向机制。EV 与病毒的相互作用对病毒复制和感染性产生深远影响。我们的研究表明，由人类原代滋养层细胞产生的 sEV 可以赋予其他非胎盘细胞类型抗病毒反应。更好地了解 EV 与病毒的相互作用可能会阐明减少怀孕期间病毒感染的新方法，并可能开发新的抗病毒疗法来在人类发育的关键时期保护胎儿胎盘单位。