Simulation-based training has been widely used in medical education. More specifically, various systems for minimally invasive surgery training have been proposed in the past two decades. The aim of this article is to review and summarize the existing simulation-based training systems for laparoscopic surgery in terms of their technical realizations. Forty-three training systems were found and analyzed. These training systems generally consist of training tasks, a visualization interface, and an instrument interface. Three different approaches—physical, virtual, and augmented reality—to implement visualization interfaces are discussed first. Then, haptic feedback, performance evaluation, and guidance methods are summarized. Portable devices to enable at-home training and instrument tracking technologies to support visualization, evaluation, and guidance are also presented. Based on survey of the relevant literature, we propose several recommendations to design the next-generation training systems in laparoscopic surgery. Novel guidance and assessment schemes with augmented reality visualization are recommended to design an intelligent surgical training simulator. This intelligent simulator enhances the training procedure and ultimately improves the patient safety.

基于仿真的培训已广泛用于医学教育。更具体地说，在过去的二十年中已经提出了各种用于微创外科手术训练的系统。本文的目的是回顾和总结现有的基于模拟的腹腔镜手术培训系统的技术实现。找到并分析了43个培训系统。这些培训系统通常由培训任务，可视化界面和仪器界面组成。首先讨论了实现可视化界面的三种不同方法（物理，虚拟和增强现实）。然后，总结了触觉反馈，性能评估和指导方法。便携式设备可支持在家中训练和仪器跟踪技术，以支持可视化，评估，和指导也被提出。基于对相关文献的调查，我们提出了一些建议来设计腹腔镜手术的下一代训练系统。建议使用具有增强现实可视化功能的新型指导和评估方案来设计智能手术培训模拟器。该智能模拟器可增强培训程序，并最终提高患者安全性。