Since the first introduction of the organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite in the field of optoelectronics, extraordinary progress in both the photoelectric-conversion-efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been witnessed. However, a variety of drawbacks associated with defects in PSCs, such as energy deficits, ion migration, operational instability and hysteresis, greatly hinder the potential industrial applications of PSCs. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the origin, classification, nature, relationships and overlapping effects of defects in perovskite is summarized and reviewed. According to their positions in the energy structure relative to band edges, shallow- and deep-level defects are summarized, while point defects, undercoordinated ions, impurities and pinholes are categorized based on a dimension-criterion. We look at the established understanding of how the detrimental defects induce non-radiative recombination, charge trapping and scattering, ion migration and hysteresis, providing a relatively clear relationship between the performance and defects in perovskite films. An overview of the defect passivation strategies is presented on the fabrication route, including film formation, post-treatment and interlayer engineering between the perovskite layer and charge transport layer, giving a unique perspective. Based on defect passivation engineering, challenges and suggestions to break the bottlenecks of PSCs on the way to commercialization are proposed.

中文翻译：

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钙钛矿中的缺陷钝化策略可增强光伏性能

自从有机-无机杂化钙钛矿在光电领域首次引入以来，钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）在光电转换效率和稳定性方面都取得了非凡的进步。但是，与PSC的缺陷相关的各种缺点，例如能量不足，离子迁移，操作不稳定和滞后现象，极大地阻碍了PSC的潜在工业应用。本文对钙钛矿中缺陷的来源，分类，性质，关系和重叠效应进行了系统和全面的理解。根据它们在能量结构中相对于能带边缘的位置，总结了浅层和深层缺陷，而点缺陷，欠配位离子，杂质和针孔是根据尺寸标准分类的。我们着眼于对有害缺陷如何引起非辐射复合，电荷俘获和散射，离子迁移和磁滞现象的既定理解，从而在钙钛矿薄膜的性能和缺陷之间提供了相对清晰的关系。缺陷钝化策略的概述在制造过程中进行了介绍，包括钙钛矿层和电荷传输层之间的膜形成，后处理和中间层工程，从而提供了独特的视角。在缺陷钝化工程的基础上，提出了克服PSC商用化瓶颈的挑战和建议。电荷俘获和散射，离子迁移和磁滞，在钙钛矿薄膜的性能和缺陷之间提供了相对清晰的关系。缺陷钝化策略的概述在制造过程中进行了介绍，包括钙钛矿层和电荷传输层之间的膜形成，后处理和中间层工程，从而提供了独特的视角。在缺陷钝化工程的基础上，提出了克服PSC商用化瓶颈的挑战和建议。电荷俘获和散射，离子迁移和磁滞，在钙钛矿薄膜的性能和缺陷之间提供了相对清晰的关系。缺陷钝化策略的概述在制造过程中进行了介绍，包括钙钛矿层和电荷传输层之间的膜形成，后处理和中间层工程，从而提供了独特的视角。在缺陷钝化工程的基础上，提出了克服PSC商用化瓶颈的挑战和建议。钙钛矿层和电荷传输层之间的后处理和中间层工程，提供了独特的视角。在缺陷钝化工程的基础上，提出了克服PSC商用化瓶颈的挑战和建议。钙钛矿层和电荷传输层之间的后处理和中间层工程，提供了独特的视角。在缺陷钝化工程的基础上，提出了克服PSC商用化瓶颈的挑战和建议。