Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is among the most important vegetable crops worldwide. Early blight disease, caused by Alternaria solani, is a destructive foliar disease of tomato and other Solanaceae species. Herein, we investigated the in vitro antifungal properties of gallic acid and two of its derivatives (syringic and pyrogallic acids) against A. solani during 2019 and 2020 seasons. The physiological and biochemical effects of these compounds on infected tomato plants were also investigated using the whole plant bioassay. The in vitro investigation showed that all tested compounds showed fungistatic action and inhibited the mycelial radial growth of A. solani in a dose-dependent manner. In two separate pot-experiments, those compounds efficiently suppressed the development of the disease symptoms and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), without any phytotoxic effects on the treated tomato plants. Additionally, all tested compounds positively enhanced the biochemical traits of treated plants including the chlorophyll content, the total soluble phenolics, the total soluble flavonoids, and the enzymatic activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase during 2019 and 2020 seasons. Moreover, the treatment with gallic acid and its derivatives significantly increased all yield components of A. solani-infected tomato plants such as the total number of flowers and fruits, and the fruit yield for each tomato plant in both experiments. Considering the fungitoxicity of phenolic acids against A. solani with no phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants, we believe that gallic acid and its derivatives might be a sustainable eco-friendly control strategy to reduce the usage of chemical fungicides partially or entirely against A. solani particularly, and fungal diseases in general.

中文翻译：

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没食子酸及其衍生物对番茄早疫病的致病因子黑斑病菌的抗真菌活性

番茄（Solanum lycopersicum L.）是世界上最重要的蔬菜作物之一。solternaria solani引起的早疫病是番茄和其他茄科植物的破坏性叶病。在本文中，我们研究了在体外没食子酸及其两个衍生物（丁香和没食子酸）抗的抗真菌特性的A.Solani期间2019年和2020年的季节。还使用全植物生物测定法研究了这些化合物对被感染番茄植物的生理和生化作用。该体外研究表明，所有测试的化合物表现出抑真菌作用，抑制菌丝径向生长的A.Solani以剂量依赖的方式。在两个单独的盆栽实验中，这些化合物有效地抑制了疾病症状和病情进展曲线下面积（AUDPC）的发展，而对处理的番茄植株没有任何植物毒性作用。此外，在2019年和2020年季节期间，所有测试化合物均积极增强了处理过的植物的生化特性，包括叶绿素含量，总可溶性酚类，总可溶性类黄酮以及过氧化氢酶，过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的酶活性。此外，用没食子酸及其衍生物处理显着提高了茄A曲霉的所有产量成分。感染番茄植物，例如花和果实的总数，以及两个实验中每种番茄植物的果实产量。考虑到对酚酸真菌毒性A.菌对番茄植株处理无药害，我们相信，没食子酸及其衍生物可能是部分或完全减少化学杀菌剂的使用对一个可持续发展的生态友好的控制策略A.菌特别和一般的真菌病。